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[QUOTE]Originally posted by Evergreen: [QB] [QUOTE]Originally posted by Evergreen: [qb] [QUOTE] Evergreen Writes: Hence we see a smooth grade of haplogroup E3a spreading out of NE Africa during the Early Bronze Age. Syria = ~ 5% Palestine = ~ 10% Lower Egypt = ~ 2%** Upper Egypt = ~ 28% Lower Nubia = ~ 39% ** Lower Egypt may be an outlier due to the infiltration of large numbers of non-indigenous Africans post-Late Kingdom Dynastic era. Haplogroup E3a may have spread from the Central Sahara to the Nile Valley during the pre-early Neolithic phase. There is further evidence of the spread of Saharan cultural elements such as bi-facial arrowheads and pottery into the early neolithic Faiyum and southern Levant. Further itterations of immigration may have followed with the early Dynastic and Middle Bronze Age Egyptian colonial activity in "Canaan". West Africa and the Central Sahara in turn may be connected via the movement of early holocene, pottery and bi-facial arrowhead (Ounan points) using populations from West African regions such as Ounjougou Mali into the Central Sahara. Hence, West Africa is a likely population source of the early Holocene Central Sahara and by default early neolithic base population of ancient Egypt.[/qb][/QUOTE]Evergreen Writes: The semi-sedentary cultures found in early Holocene West Africa would lead to population increases and expansion across the Sahel and into the Central Sahara. What’s needed now is a reassessment of haplogroup E3a sub-lineages in North Africa and around the Mediterranean basin to better understand the phylogenetics. [QUOTE]Originally posted by Evergreen: [qb] [QUOTE] Sub-populations within the major European and African derived haplogroups R1b3 and E3a are differentiated by previously phylogenetically undefined Y-SNPs. Sims et. al. Single nucleotide polymorphisms on the Y chromosome (Y-SNPs) have been widely used in the study of human migration patterns and evolution. Potential forensic applications of Y-SNPs include their use in predicting the ethnogeographic origin of the donor of a crime scene sample, or exclusion of suspects of sexual assaults (the evidence of which often comprises male/female mixtures and may involve multiple perpetrators), paternity testing, and identification of non- and half-siblings. In this study, we used a population of 118 African- and 125 European-Americans to evaluate 12 previously phylogenetically undefined Y-SNPs for their ability to further differentiate individuals who belong to the major African (E3a)- and European (R1b3, I)-derived haplogroups. Ten of these markers define seven new sub-clades (equivalent to E3a7a, E3a8, E3a8a, E3a8a1, R1b3h, R1b3i, and R1b3i1 using the Y Chromosome Consortium nomenclature) within haplogroups E and R. Interestingly, during the course of this study we evaluated M222, a sub-R1b3 marker rarely used, and found that this sub-haplogroup in effect defines the Y-STR Irish Modal Haplotype (IMH). The new bi-allelic markers described here are expected to find application in human evolutionary studies and forensic genetics.[/qb][/QUOTE] [/QB][/QUOTE]
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