Bioarchaeological analysis of one of the earliest Islamic burials in the Levant- Megha Srigyan 2020
1. I am not sure why they were classified as Islamic when these were not muslims. 2. These closest modern group to ancient Levantines are Bedouin B. The indigenous Africans in the Levant. Thread posted several years back on ESR’ 3. The dominant modern population in the Levant are NOT closely related to these ancient Levantines 4. To those who don’t know it has been proven the Bedouins of the Negev are remnants of an ancient African population from Israel. They carry many African yDNA and mtDNA. 5. They are currently marginalized in Isreal. Displaced and threated like Native Americans. I found out many live on reservation in Isreal.
Bioarchaeological analysis of one of the earliest Islamic burials in the Levant- Megha Srigyan 2020
Abstract The Middle East plays a central role in human history harbouring a vast diversity of ethnic, cultural and religious groups. However, much remains to be understood about past and present genomic diversity in this region. Here, we present for the first time, a multidisciplinary bioarchaeological analysis of two individuals dated to late 7th and early 8th centuries from Tell Qarassa, an open-air site in modern-day Syria. Radiocarbon dates, religious and cultural burial evidence indicate that this site represents one of the earliest Islamic Arab burials in the Levant during the Late Antiquity period. Interestingly, we found genomic similarity to a genotyped group of modern-day Bedouins and Saudi rather than to most neighbouring Levantine groups. This is highlighted through substantial Neolithic Levant ancestry in our samples, inviting an alternative scenario of long-term continuity in this region. This raises questions about the influence of ancient populations and historical migrations to genetic structure in the Middle East. As our study represents the first genomic analysis of an early Islamic burial in the Levant, we discuss our findings and possible historic scenarios in light of forces such as genetic drift and their possible interaction with religious and cultural processes.
[ 22. September 2020, 11:54 AM: Message edited by: the lioness, ]
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No cultural artifacts were associated with the human remains, however, their archaeological context revealed that these were primary burials with the bodies placed in decubitus position, inside pits that were intrusive in the Neolithic levels (Fig. 1b). Interestingly, while the two burials were located very close to each other, no evidence of a Late Antiquity cemetery was documented at the site.
Genomic analysis of the individuals all four methods confirmed low levels of contamination (<5%, Supplementary Table S1). Two biological sex inference methods26,27 identified syr005 to be a male and syr013 a female. Individuals syr005 and syr013 were determined to carry mitochondrial haplogroups J2a2a1a1 and R0a2, respectively. Both haplogroups are common in the Arabian Peninsula, Near East and parts of Africa28,29 in concordance with the broad geographical location of the samples. In addition, the Y chromosome of syr005 was determined as haplogroup J, which is the most common haplogroup across the Middle East30 (Supplementary Table S2). In order to explore general patterns of genetic affinity to modern populations, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed projecting the two newly sequenced Syrian individuals on a broad set of modern Middle Eastern, European and North African groups (Fig. 2a). The two Late Antiquity Syrian individuals fell close to Saudi, Turkish and Middle Eastern genomic variation and to some Jewish populations but do not show close genetic affinities to the geographically close Lebanese samples from12. Further, to obtain a better understanding of the regional variation, a second PCA was conducted, limited to 37 groups from the Middle East, Arabian Peninsula and Caucasus. Here, the Syrian samples fell close to Yemenite Jews, Saudi and Bedouins genomic variation (Fig. 2b). Notably, within these genotyped Bedouins, there are two sub-groups, both sampled in the Negev in Israel: Bedouin A and Bedouin B2 that were observed to have distinct distributions in the PCA: while Bedouin A seem to be more widely dispersed and overlap with other groups from surrounding regions, Bedouin B (with the exception of one individual) form a small cluster separate from all other groups in the region. From these two sub-groups, individuals syr005 and syr013 fall between the two Bedouin groups, and show a clear genetic differentiation from relevant modern-day Levantine populations (i.e Druze, Palestinian, Jordanian and Lebanese). Further, to gain insight into the genetic composition of ancient and modern populations, an unsupervised ADMIXTURE analysis was performed. ADMIXTURE was first run with a larger set of individuals (1073 individuals) from Europe and the Middle East (73 populations). For K = 2, 3 and 5, all iterations with different random seeds converged to consistent results (Supplementary Fig. S2). Therefore, we consider K=5 as a compromise between resolution and robustness of results. At K = 2, mostly north Europeans are differentiated from south Europeans, Middle Easterners and Arabian Peninsula groups. At K = 3, a new component emerged in Caucasian and Middle Eastern groups. At K = 4, another component appeared in south Europeans and Middle Eastern groups. At K = 5, a component exclusive to Middle Eastern and Arabian Peninsula groups appears (Fig. 3). This new component was seen at high proportions in Bedouins, Saudi, Yemenite Jews and our Syrian samples. Interestingly, within the Bedouins, Bedouin B was composed almost entirely of this new component. The separate cluster of Bedouin B could be the result of genetic drift, although its presence in other populations from the Arabian Peninsula suggests some degree of separate ancestry among these groups. The Late Antiquity Syrian individuals showed similar genetic composition to Bedouin B and some Saudi individuals.
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analysis. Both syr005 and syr013 showed the highest shared genetic drift with Bedouin B and Saudi, as expected from PCA and ADMIXTURE results. However, Yemenite Jews showed lower values, and Bedouin A were at the lower end of the spectrum among all Middle Eastern groups (Fig. 4 and Supplementary Table S3).
Discussion From the genetic information recovered from past individuals and that available to us today from modern populations, we can reveal that these two individuals are genetically very similar to a subgroup of modern day Bedouins (“Bedouin B'') in the Human Origins 2.0 dataset from the Negev desert in Israel, but not to other Levantine populations such as Druze, Palestinians, Jordanians or Lebanese. In addition, they also present genetic similarities with populations from the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi and Yemenite Jews). Interestingly, when modelling the ancestry of these groups partly in the context of prehistoric groups, it becomes evident that these populations show high proportions of Neolithic Levantine ancestry suggesting long-term genetic continuity despite the dynamic population history of the region.
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While we cannot unequivocally identify these Syrian individuals as Bedouins, given their incomplete match and limited populations publicly available (i.e. Human Origins dataset), their high (albeit incomplete) genetic similarity to modern day Bedouin B prompts a brief discussion about the identity of Bedouins, as well as historical information known about them. Bedouins are a group of nomadic people in the Middle East historically known to have inhabited desert areas in the Arabian Peninsula, Syria, North Africa, the Sinai Peninsula, Sahara, and surrounding regions. Their traditional livelihood involves herding goats, sheeps and camels, although many groups have adopted an agricultural/urban lifestyle in recent decades. The Arabian Peninsula is described as their original home, from where they spread out north in search of pasture due to repeated droughts, growing population and tribal conflicts40. They have been described as being descended from two major groups, one inhabiting the mountainous regions of Yemen in southwestern Arabia and the other in North-Central Arabia40. They have also been labelled as ‘autochthonous’ Arabs41 and suggested to represent indigenous ancestral groups of the Arabian Peninsula. Despite this, they are often marginalized in practice and as such may often do not qualify for burial in one of the nearby settlements. The Leja region, a neighbouring area of Tell Qarassa, has a long history of occupation by Bedouin nomads and it is known that the area of Tell Qarassa was occupied by Bedouin of the Banu Sarma in the sixteenth century42. Because of the long-term continuity of the Bedouin nomadic lifestyle, burial practices of today or the recent past are regarded as comparable with the distant past back to the early years of Islam43 (Supplementary Text S1 – Bedouin Burials).
Given their practice of consanguinity and strong barriers to extra-tribal marriage, they have low genetic diversity, a small effective population size and a high incidence of recessive disorders, which has made them subjects of clinical studies in the region36,44. The fact that the genotyped Levantine Bedouins available in the Human Origins dataset all stem from the Negev desert in Israel but show highly different genetic ancestry (Bedouin A versus Bedouin B)2 highlights that there might be a substantial degree of genetic structure within Bedouins in the region. However, the full extent of this structure might not be fully understood due to a lack of available past and present genetic data. Studies on modern Bedouins elsewhere, e.g. in Qatar report them as ‘coldspots’ of admixture in the Peninsula compared to other populations45. It is suggested that the Negev Bedouins originate from a small founder population and most of their ancestors migrated from the Arabian Peninsula to the Negev and Sinai regions around 700 CE, i.e., shortly after the spread of Islam46.
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I hope you know the word "Jew," is not an ethnicity. Any person who CONVERTS to Judaism AUTOMATICALLY becomes a Jew. So it is more like a Religious connotation.
The word "JEW," does not exist in the ORIGINAL TEXT of the scriptures. The ancient Israelites were NOT called Jews.
Their descendants live in Africa and these still bear the original name of their ancestors, the Hebrews.
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No cultural artifacts were associated with the human remains, however, their archaeological context revealed that these were primary burials with the bodies placed in decubitus position, inside pits that were intrusive in the Neolithic levels (Fig. 1b). Interestingly, while the two burials were located very close to each other, no evidence of a Late Antiquity cemetery was documented at the site.
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: African Jews ? – Ancient Bedouins » P
Bioarchaeological analysis of one of the earliest Islamic burials in the Levant- Megha Srigyan 2020
these were not muslims.
1) why are you calling them African?
2) why are you saying they are not Muslims?
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Why do I think they are African? The Levant was an extension of Africa BEFORE the Ottoman Turks. The Indigenous people of the Levant are African in their substrate......
FYI Bedouin B is more African(SSA) Bedoiun A is more a mixture of African and modern Arabs.
Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan Carlos Flores, Nicole Maca-Meyer, Jose M. Larruga, Vicente M. Cabrera, Naif Karadsheh & Ana M. Gonzalez 2005
Quote: "The most striking characteristic of the Dead Sea sample is the high prevalence of R1*-M173 lineages (40%), contrasting with the lack of them and of its derivates R1b3-M269 in Bedouin from Nebel et al. (2001) and its low frequencies in Amman. It is worth mentioning that until now, similar frequencies for R1*-M173 have only been found in northern Cameroon (Cruciani et al. 2002). The possibility that the Dead Sea and Cameroon are isolated remnants of a past broad human expansion deserves future studies.
--------------- Wow!!!!! This is fascinating - They are essentially saying pockets of “Africans” genetic material still exist in isolated pockets throughout the “middle east’. Anatolia being one of them. Beyoku of ESR once questioned me on this. He can follow the link/reference. This was recently confirmed by studies on the Armenians – showing “EARLY” south –Saharan presence at the Neolithic. Maybe they were Neolithic Slaves(insert sarcasm). Lol!
== Quote:
Interestingly, when the molecular heterogeneity of the G6PD locus was compared between the Amman and the Dead Sea samples, a lower number of different variants and a higher incidence of the African G6PD-A allele was detected in the LATTER (Karadsheh, personal communication). Another singularity of the Dead Sea is its high frequency (31%) of E3b3a-M34, a derivate clade of E3b3-M123 that is only found in 7% in Bedouins (Cruciani et al. 2004). Until now, the highest frequencies for this marker (23.5%) had been found in Ethiopians from Amhara (Cruciani et al. 2004). On the contrary, most Bedouin chromosomes (63%) belong to haplogroup J1-M267 (Semino et al. 2004) compared with 9% in the Dead Sea. All these evidences point to the Dead Sea as an isolated region perhaps with past ties to sub-Saharan and eastern Africa. Strong drift and/or founder effects might be responsible for its present anomalous haplogroup frequencies. This strong microgeographic differentiation has been previously detected in several Middle Eastern areas, as in the Caucasus (Weale et al. 2001; Nasidze et al. 2004), Pakistan (Qamar et al. 2002), Anatolia (Cinnioglu et al. 2004), or among Kurdish populations (Nasidze et al. 2005). However, it seems that when several close rural isolates are melted into larger samples or when samples are obtained from large urban centers, those sharp micro differences disappear, giving rise to smooth, clinal gradients usually detected in past global Y-chromosome analysis (Rosser et al. 2000; Semino et al. 2000;
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2005 article title added, please do not quote other articles and leave out the title - lioness
[ 22. September 2020, 10:04 AM: Message edited by: the lioness, ]
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And now the female lineage - To those who are not connecting the dots. Science/Population genetics tells a lot more than what is “written” in history books.
==== Mitochondrial DNA variation in Jordanians and their genetic relationship to other Middle East populations -ANA M. GONZALEZ1, accepted 28 January 2008)
Abstract Background: The Levant is a crucial region in understanding human migrations between Africa and Eurasia. Although some mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) studies have been carried out in this region, they have not included the Jordan area. This paper deals with the mtDNA composition of two Jordan populations. Aim: The main objectives of this article are: first, to report mtDNA sequences of an urban and an isolate sample from Jordan and, second, to compare them with each other and with other nearby populations. Subjects and methods: The analyses are based on HVSI and HVSII mtDNA sequences and diagnostic RFLPs to UNEQUIVOCALLY classify into haplogroups 101 Amman and 44 Dead Sea unrelated individuals from Jordan. Results: Statistical analysis revealed that, whereas the sample from Amman did not significantly differ from their Levantine neighbours, the Dead Sea sample clearly behaved as a genetic outlier in the region. Its outstanding Eurasian haplogroup U3 frequency (39%) and its south-Saharan Africa lineages (19%) are the highest in the Middle East. On the contrary, the lack ((preHV)1) or comparatively low frequency (J and T) of Neolithic lineages is also striking.
[XYYMAN COMMENT: To those who don’t know. Recent analysis confirms that J and T are NOT the Neolithic package. It is in fact hg-H and it clades.!!! Surprise!!!]
(continuing) Although strong drift by geographic isolation could explain the anomalous mtDNA pool of the Dead Sea sample, the fact that its mtDNA lineage composition MIRRORS, in geographic origin and haplogroup frequencies, its Y-CHROMOSOME POOL, points to founder effect as the main cause. Ancestral M1 lineages detected in Jordan that have affinities with those recently found in Northwest but not East Africa question the African origin of the M1 haplogroup. Conclusion: Results are in agreement with an old human settlement in the Jordan region. However, in spite of the attested migratory spreads, genetically divergent populations, such as that of the Dead Sea, still exist in the area.
[XYYMAN COMMENT: So the M1 found in the Levant relates more to North West Africa than East Africa – confirming the Bedoiuns are North Africans. Both the mtDNA and Y-DNA corroborate each other. Ancient African presence in the Levant. The Anthropology also confirms that. Coon and Sergi ]
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YES, they did. They are spread all over the continent of Africa. You can identity them by their ORAL traditions. The ones in West Africa kept the ORIGINAL NAME of the ancient Israelites plus their annual festival is the same Exodus story we read about in the Bible.
The Bible CONFIRMS the real Israelites are in Africa. Check out the verse below. God's dispersed people are in the Land of Cush aka Africa.
"From beyond the rivers of Cush, my worshipers, even the daughter of my dispersed people, will bring my offering." Zephaniah 3:10
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Dana Marniche says as much.. All the Banu tribes ( of Arabia, Levant, Yemen) are African related...
Banu, B'Nei, Bantu, Beni, Benin, are all related words meaning children of, people, etc..
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: No cultural artifacts were associated with the human remains, however, their archaeological context revealed that these were primary burials with the bodies placed in decubitus position, inside pits that were intrusive in the Neolithic levels (Fig. 1b). Interestingly, while the two burials were located very close to each other, no evidence of a Late Antiquity cemetery was documented at the site.
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: African Jews ? – Ancient Bedouins » P
Bioarchaeological analysis of one of the earliest Islamic burials in the Levant- Megha Srigyan 2020
these were not muslims.
1) why are you calling them African?
2) why are you saying they are not Muslims?
please explain why you think that quote makes them non-Muslims
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Bioarchaeological analysis of one of the earliest Islamic burials in the Levant-
Here, we present for the first time, a multidisciplinary bioarchaeological analysis of two individuals dated to late 7th and early 8th centuries from Tell Qarassa, an open-air site in modern-day Syria.
Two biological sex inference methods26,27 identified syr005 to be a male and syr013 a female. Individuals syr005 and syr013 were determined to carry mitochondrial haplogroups J2a2a1a1 and R0a2, respectively. Both haplogroups are common in the Arabian Peninsula, Near East and parts of Africa28,29 in concordance with the broad geographical location of the samples. In addition, the Y chromosome of syr005 was determined as haplogroup J, which is the most common haplogroup across the Middle East
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Why do I think they are African? The Levant was an extension of Africa BEFORE the Ottoman Turks. The Indigenous people of the Levant are African in their substrate......
FYI Bedouin B is more African(SSA) Bedoiun A is more a mixture of African and modern Arabs.
Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan Carlos Flores, Nicole Maca-Meyer, Jose M. Larruga, Vicente M. Cabrera, Naif Karadsheh & Ana M. Gonzalez 2005
Quote: "The most striking characteristic of the Dead Sea sample is the high prevalence of R1*-M173 lineages (40%), contrasting with the lack of them and of its derivates R1b3-M269 in Bedouin from Nebel et al. (2001) and its low frequencies in Amman. It is worth mentioning that until now, similar frequencies for R1*-M173 have only been found in northern Cameroon (Cruciani et al. 2002). The possibility that the Dead Sea and Cameroon are isolated remnants of a past broad human expansion deserves future studies.
This is why your threads are a mess and misleading. I asked you why you think the remains of a 7th and early 8th burial in Syria are African.
Then you refer to entirely different article about modern remains in Jordan and you left out the title of this article so somebody can mistake the quote for being the 2020 article on the Syrian remains and as we can each article is talking about remains of entirely different haplogroups so there is no genetic relation
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Isolates in a corridor of migrations: a high-resolution analysis of Y-chromosome variation in Jordan 2005 Carlos Flores, Nicole Maca-Meyer, Jose M. Larruga, Vicente M. Cabrera, Naif Karadsheh & Ana M. Gonzalez
Materials and Methods
We analyzed a total of 146 unrelated Jordanian samples of whom 101 were from the capital, Amman, and 45 were from the Dead Sea in the Jordan Valley. Informed consent was obtained from all the donors.
A high-resolution, Y-chromosome analysis using 46 binary markers has been carried out in two Jordan populations, one from the metropolitan area of Amman and the other from the Dead Sea, an area geographically isolated. Comparisons with neighboring populations showed that whereas the sample from Amman did not significantly differ from their Levantine neighbors, the Dead Sea sample clearly behaved as a genetic outlier in the region. Its high R1*-M173 frequency (40%) has until now only been found in northern Cameroonian samples. This contrasts with the comparatively low presence of J representatives (9%), which is the modal clade in Middle Eastern populations, including Amman. The Dead Sea sample also showed a high presence of E3b3a-M34 lineages (31%), which is only comparable to that found in Ethiopians.
P-92R7 is the third most numerous haplogroup in Jordan (12%), but most chromosomes were characterized as R1*-M173, R1a1-M17, and R1b3*-M269. It has been proposed that P-92R7 emerged in Central Asia in the Palaeolithic period and that the R1*-M173 branch traces its most ancient westward expansion (Underhill et al. 2001, Wells et al. 2001). This expansion reached west Africa where the undifferentiated R1*-M173 has been detected in high frequency (Cruciani et al. 2002). The presence of this clade in Oman may suggest the possibility of a southern route involving the Horn of Africa. However, the lack of R1*-M173 in Somalia (Sanchez et al. 2005) and its presence in Jordan and Egypt points to the Levant as the alternative bridge of passage of R1*-M173 to Africa (Luis et al. 2004). All these results evidence the Levant as both a crossroad of migrations and a main focus of expansions.
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^^Here they refer to R1*-M173 have only been found in northern Cameroon (Cruciani et al. 2002). This article if from 2005. It was five yeras later that Cruciani did further analysis on this * unique clade of R1-M173 and it became known in 2010 as R-V88
Now it is called R1b1a2 (previously R1b1c) aka R-V88
However this is off topic because this is not the haplogroup found in the Syria remains
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: no! what makes them muslims?
Bioarchaeological analysis of one of the earliest Islamic burials in the Levant
Description of the burials
In this study, we perform genomic analyses of two buried individuals excavated at Tell Qarassa North, a Neolithic site in the Village of Qarassa in Syria (Fig. 1a). While Tell Qarassa North is usually known as a prehistoric site18,19(see also Supplementary Text S1), the two individuals analysed here were found on surface levels of the site and directly radiocarbon dated to the Late Antiquity period (7th to 8th centuries) (Table 1). No cultural artifacts were associated with the human remains, however, their archaeological context revealed that these were primary burials with the bodies placed in decubitus position, inside pits that were intrusive in the Neolithic levels (Fig. 1b). Interestingly, while the two burials were located very close to each other, no evidence of a Late Antiquity cemetery was documented at the site. The individual syr005 was found laid on his back in a decubitus supine position, although the lower limbs were slightly flexed and placed on their right side. The burial was oriented east-west, with the head at the west, facing south. Further, individual syr013 was placed on her right side in a lateral decubitus position oriented east-west, with the head at the west, facing south. The distribution of the skeletal elements suggests that both bodies were wrapped before burial20. When soft tissues of the body decay faster than the wrapping, it can create either temporary or semi-permanent spaces around the putrefied body, yielding some skeletal movements at the disarticulated joints before wrapping decay (i.e. right elbow in individual syr013, left shoulder in individual syr005). The wrapping, the position and orientation of the bodies facing Mecca are concordant with Muslim funerary rituals following Early Islamic burials21, however, these individuals were not buried in a traditional Muslim cemetery. This may be explained due to special circumstances of death or cultural identity: nomadic populations, pilgrims, deviant burials or plague victims. The requirement of a Muslim burial to take place within 24 hours after death might have made some compromises necessary. It is known that one of the defining features of Muslim burials is that of only one person per grave, which implies that husbands and wives are not buried together, and collective family tombs are forbidden. However, occasionally and in extreme circumstances this can be relaxed for victims of plague or warfare (Supplementary Text S1-Muslim Burials). Also, the close proximity of radiocarbon dates for syr005 (1294 ± 18 Cal BP) and syr013 (1302 ± 15 Cal BP) suggest that both individuals died at a similar time.
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Supplementary Text S1 Historical Discussion of Tell Qarassa Burials Muslim Burials Muslim graves are very diverse yet easily distinguishable from other forms of religious burial. The diversity is mostly concerned with grave markings, traditions around the funeral and the precise form of the grave pit itself. The defining features of Islamic burials are the position of the body, the lack of a wooden coffin and the speed of burial. Despite the fact that much of the focus of Near Eastern Archaeology has been on funerary remains surprisingly few Islamic burial sites have been investigated. Of the excavated sites, few have been published and even fewer have been subjected to analytical tests. The rarity of archaeologically investigated Muslim burials is largely the result of religious sensitivities and traditional beliefs about the necessity for having a complete body with which to enter the afterlife
( a lot more burial details at Supp link and genetic info)
file:///C:/Users/giant/Downloads/media-1.pdf)
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So we have two haplogroup J individuals in 7-8th century Syria who may or may not have been Muslims. You have to get deep into burial details in order to judge how strong or weak the case is.
>> But if they were not Muslims why would this make them Jews?
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The ancients Syrians (not related to modern Syrians) are closest autosomally to modern BediounB who are the Original and Indigenous population of the so called Holy Land(being an Agnostic). In turn Bedouins genetically are closest to.....Africans. Many carry SSA lineage eg R-V88 and E1b1b, some E1b1a.
Remember Lazaridis could not dientangle EEF with YRI so he then used Bediouns as the proxy. Bediouns are the remnants of Africans in the Near East.
Oh! and J1 is African. Africans carry the oldest clade of J1, Found in Sudan.
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So we have two haplogroup J individuals in 7-8th century Syria who may or may not have been Muslims. You have to get deep into burial details in order to judge how strong or weak the case is.
>> But if they were not Muslims why would this make them Jews?
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That is my point the authors are the one who are confused. Admitting there is no archaeological evidence but attributing the skeletons to Muslims. WTF.
How did I get them to be Jewish? Aren't they the oldest and the indigenous population of the "Holy Land"?
BTW - you know I don't believe Mohammed ever existed? Islamic tradition and religion existed long before he was supposed to be born....just saying. Not only in the middle East but also in Southern Europe. Sources provided.
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That is my point the authors are the one who are confused. Admitting there is no archaeological evidence but attributing the skeletons to Muslims. WTF.
there is evidence in the manner of the burial
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: [QB] Stop misleading Lioness.
The ancients Syrians (not related to modern Syrians) are closest autosomally to modern BediounB who are the Original and Indigenous population of the so called Holy Land(being an Agnostic). In turn Bedouins genetically are closest to.....Africans. Many carry SSA lineage eg R-V88 and E1b1b, some E1b1a.
Again you started a topic on this article
Bioarchaeological analysis of one of the earliest Islamic burials in the Levant- Megha Srigyan 2020
The article says the haplogroups found in this Syrian burial were Y DNA J and mtDNA J2a2a1a1 and R0a2
So it is off topic to talk about R-V88 and E1b1
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Africans carry the oldest clade of J1, Found in Sudan.
1) Did you make that up or do you have a reference?
2) Keep track of your non-sequiters Haplgroup J is the most common haplogroup across the Middle East does this mean all J carriers are African?
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yDNA J1 have been heavily discussed here. Origin? Africa.
mtDNA R0* origin? Africa. Again an entire thread on here where EM and I got into it.
Keep up!
Bedouins are African remnants....if it quacks like a duck....
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1. Thy focused ONLY on J2 not J1 when the key issue is J1(M267) 2. Expansion was during the Bronze age and not Neolithic for J2 3. Turks do NOT carry ANCESTRAL clades of J2 or J1 but the author did not mention WHO has these ancestral clades. Wink! Wink! Of course they are concentrating on the NORTHERN shores of the Mediterranean 4. Looking at the Supplemental Africans carry MORE ancestral clade types of J1 than the one Greek sample.
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A finely resolved phylogeny of Y chromosome Hg J illuminates the processes of Phoenician and Greek colonizations in the Mediterranean
Andrea Finocchio1, Beniamino Trombetta2, , Fulvio Cruciani 2,6 &
In order to improve the phylogeography of the male-specific genetic traces of Greek and Phoenician colonizations on the Northern coasts of the Mediterranean, we performed a geographically structured sampling of seven subclades of haplogroup J in Turkey, Greece and Italy. We resequenced 4.4 Mb of Y-chromosome in 58 subjects, obtaining 1079 high quality variants. We did **NOT** find a preferential coalescence of Turkish samples to **ANCESTRAL** nodes, contradicting the simplistic idea of a dispersal and radiation of Hg J as a whole from the Middle East. Upon calibration with an ancient Hg J chromosome, we confirmed that signs of Holocenic Hg J radiations are subtle and date mainly to the Bronze Age. We pinpointed seven variants which could potentially unveil star clusters of sequences, indicative of local expansions. By directly genotyping these variants in Hg J carriers and complementing with published resequenced chromosomes (893 subjects), we provide strong temporal and distributional evidence for markers of the Greek settlement of Magna Graecia (J2a-L397) and Phoenician migrations (rs760148062). Our work generated a minimal but robust list of evolutionarily stable markers to elucidate the demographic dynamics and spatial domains of male-mediated movements across and around the Mediterranean, in the last 6,000 years.
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Here is a nice piece of collaboration between Henn, Underhill etc. This crew is not as nutty as Achilli and Torroni. They are a bit more objective in their scientific research.
I decided to re-read it because of the Henn thread on ES. I noted some things I missed the first time around when I read it. That is why It is so important to re-read things as your understanding and knowledge grows. I started to question the origin of Jewry. Here are some excerpts from the paper.
As I stated many times before I am not as versed in the “documented’ pieces of work of the people in the region compared to their genetic makeup. Based upon what is written in the religious and historical books. Primarily because 1. I am now not really religious although I grew up Roman Catholic and 2. authors frankly…LIE ….or at least embellish the truth. Plus translation can be “subjective”
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The Emergence Of Y-Chromosome Haplogroup J1e Among Arabic-Speaking Populations(2010) - Jacques Chiaroni
Brenna M Henn4, Ornella Semino, Toomas Kivisild12 and Peter A Underhill2
The predominant categories of Y chromosomes in this region are varieties associated with haplogroup J-M304. This haplogroup essentially bifurcates into two main subclades, J1-M267(J1e) and J2-M172.1
Therefore, the J1e SNP information supports the previous inference that J1 chromosomes linked with DYS388¼13 repeats share a common ancestry.1 Network analysis of J1* chromosomes (Figure 2a) show a bifurcating substructure. One cluster is associated with DYS388¼15 and DYS390 423 repeats and the other cluster with DYS388¼13 repeats. The locale of highest J1* frequency occurs in the vicinity of eastern Anatolia (Figure 1c). Both J1* and J1e occur in Sudan and Ethiopia (Supplementary Table 1). Our data show that the YCAII 22-22 allele state is closely associated with J1e (Supplementary Table 2). Interestingly, in Ethiopia, all Cushitic Oromo and B29% of Semitic Amharic J1 chromosomes are J1*.
The high YSTR variance of J1e in Turks and Syrians (Table 1, Figure 1e) supports the inference of an origin of J1e in nearby eastern Anatolia. Moreover, the network analysis of J1e haplotypes (Figure 2b) shows that some of the populations with low diversity, such as Bedouins from Israel, Qatar, Sudan and UAE, are tightly clustered near high-frequency haplotypes suggesting founder effects with star burst expansion in the Arabian Desert.
A network analysis of J1e chromosomes (Figure 2b) also reflects situations of multiple founders. Although the haplogroup diversification within J1e remains incomplete, the somewhat rare J1e1-M368 provides an insight into the geographical origin of J1e.
Although the haplogroup relationships of YCAII alleles are unstable, nevertheless in the context of haplogroup J1, they are suggestive that the prevalent YCAII 22-22 variety may have evolved from a YCAII 19-22 ancestor.
The timing and geographical distribution of J1e is representative of a demic expansion of agriculturalists and herder–hunters from the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B to the late Neolithic era.24,26 The higher variances observed in Oman, Yemen and Ethiopia suggest either sampling variability and/or demographic complexity associated with multiple founders and multiple migrations. The expansion time associated with Yemen is somewhat older (7000 BCE) and may reflect a migration of herders into southern Arabia.27
Although J1e is one of the most frequent haplogroups in the region, haplogroup E-M123 also shows its highest frequency and haplotype diversity in regions of the Fertile Crescent, decreasing toward the Arabian Peninsula. 1,2,6 This co-distribution pattern of Y-chromosome haplogroups J1e and E-M123 resembles mtDNA haplogroups J1b and (PreHV)1 distributions that also display low levels of diversity despite their high frequency in Saudi Arabia.32,33
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I can back up EVERYTHING I post. EVERYTHING!!! I don't blow smoke. See above...if you can follow.
quote:Originally posted by the lioness,:
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Africans carry the oldest clade of J1, Found in Sudan.
did you make this up or do you have a reference?
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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How did I get them to be Jewish? Aren't they the oldest and the indigenous population of the "Holy Land"?
BTW - you know I don't believe Mohammed ever existed? Islamic tradition and religion existed long before he was supposed to be born....just saying. Not only in the middle East but also in Southern Europe. Sources provided.
So haven't you done nay rudimentary research as to who the medieval Syrians were
They were Jewish and at the same time according to you the strictly monotheistic religion Islam existed long before Muhammad
like at catfish constantly muddying the water as to not get caught
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Stop misleading Lioness.
The ancients Syrians (not related to modern Syrians) are closest autosomally to modern BediounB who are the Original and Indigenous population of the so called Holy Land(being an Agnostic). In turn Bedouins genetically are closest to.....Africans. Many carry SSA lineage eg R-V88 and E1b1b, some E1b1a.
Remember Lazaridis could not dientangle EEF with YRI so he then used Bediouns as the proxy. Bediouns are the remnants of Africans in the Near East.
Oh! and J1 is African. Africans carry the oldest clade of J1, Found in Sudan.
Interesting. So V88 has a longer presence there?
quote: We have sought to identify signals of assimilation of African male lines in Lebanon by exploring the association of sickle cell disease (SCD) in Lebanon with Y-chromosome haplogroups that are informative of the disease origin and its exclusivity to the Muslim community. A total of 732 samples were analyzed, including 33 SCD patients from Lebanon genotyped for 28 binary markers and 19 short tandem repeats on the non-recombinant segment of the Y chromosome. Genetic organization was identified using populations known to have influenced the genetic structure of the Lebanese population, in addition to African populations with high incidence of SCD. Y-chromosome haplogroup R-M343 sub-lineages distinguish between sub-Saharan African and Lebanese Y chromosomes. We detected a limited penetration of SCD into Lebanese R-M343 carriers, restricted to Lebanese Muslims. We suggest that this penetration brought the sickle cell gene along with the African R-M343, probably with the Saharan caravan slave trade.
~Haber M, et al., Y-chromosome R-M343 African lineages and sickle cell disease reveal structured assimilation in Lebanon. J Hum Genet. 2011 Jan;56(1):29-33. doi: 10.1038/jhg.2010.131. Epub 2010 Oct 28.
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quote:The two Late Antiquity Syrian individuals fell close to Saudi, Turkish and Middle Eastern genomic variation and to some Jewish populations but do not show close genetic affinities to the geographically close Lebanese samples from 12. Further, to obtain a better understanding of the regional variation, a second PCA was conducted, limited to 37 groups from the Middle East, Arabian Peninsula and Caucasus.
Here, the Syrian samples fell close to Yemenite Jews, Saudi and Bedouins genomic variation (Fig. 2b). Notably, within these genotyped Bedouins, there are two sub-groups, both sampled in the Negev in Israel: Bedouin A and Bedouin B2 that were observed to have distinct distributions in the PCA: while Bedouin A seem to be more widely dispersed and overlap with other groups from surrounding regions, Bedouin B (with the exception of one individual) form a small cluster separate from all other groups in the region.
[…]
This new component was seen at high proportions in Bedouins, Saudi, Yemenite Jews and our Syrian samples. Interestingly, within the Bedouins, Bedouin B was composed almost entirely of this new component. The separate cluster of Bedouin B could be the result of genetic drift, although its presence in other populations from the Arabian Peninsula suggests some degree of separate ancestry among these groups. The Late Antiquity Syrian individuals showed similar genetic composition to Bedouin B and some Saudi individuals. We conducted outgroup f3 statistics31 to increase resolution on population affinities between the two Late Antiquity Syrian samples and modern Bedouins, Saudi and Yemenite Jews, as previously indicated by PCA and ADMIXTURE analysis. Both syr005 and syr013 showed the highest shared genetic drift with Bedouin B and Saudi, as expected from PCA and ADMIXTURE results. However, Yemenite Jews showed lower values, and Bedouin A were at the lower end of the spectrum among all Middle Eastern groups (Fig. 4 and Supplementary Table S3).
[…]
In addition, they also present genetic similarities with populations from the Arabian Peninsula (Saudi and Yemenite Jews). Interestingly, when modelling the ancestry of these groups partly in the context of prehistoric groups, it becomes evident that these populations show high proportions of Neolithic Levantine ancestry suggesting long-term genetic continuity despite the dynamic population history of the region. Further, the clear presence of European (4.6%) and Neolithic Iranian ancestry (4.1%) suggests that the ancestors of syr005 and syr013 acquired these ancestries from groups in the Levant. This is further supported by the somewhat similar results seen for prehistoric individuals such as Levant_BA that also show a majority of Neolithic ancestry with equal minority proportions from Europe and Neolithic Iran.
[…]
~Megha Srigyan et al. Bioarchaeological analysis of one of the earliest Islamic burials in the Levant
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Saturday 9th March 1918. We are standing in Maan, Arabia, front of the Camp of General Djaafar Pasha. It is here that Paul Castelnau photographed this Rich bedouin chieftain, which have been Babelised f Original colour (not colourised)
"A Bedouin in his happy mood" Jerusalem 1921
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Blackness in Israel: Rethinking Racial Boundaries $39.90 includes tax of $2.26
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“Jews from Islamic countries of the Middle East and North Africa. The movement’s goal was to bring to light the reality of “pigmentocracy” in Israeli society, where ethnic origin had become strongly correlated with one’s socioeconomic position, and where Mizrahim were systematically discriminated against in comparison to Ashkenazi (European) Jews (see Frankel, this volume).Labeling themselves as the “blacks” of Israel added a racial dimension to the segregation and challenged the dominant Zionist narrative by framing it in terms of an internal colonial endeavor (Shohat 1997a). In their struggle for material and political gains, the movement undermined symbolic assets of the Israeli establishment and questioned the state’s formal objective of providing independence for all Israeli Jews. After two years of internal upheavals within Jewish society, during which the Panthers managed to mobilize thousands on the streets, the movement was put to rest by the Yom Kippur War. Nevertheless, the miserable war only intensified the public’s dissatisfaction with its leadership; along with the growing awareness of social inequalities it eventually brought about the dramatic political turn of 1977. Both cases presented above, that is the musical and the movement, feature the engagement of Israelis with foreign vernacular of black American aesthetics and index the growing influence of American culture in Israel (Melamed 2008). It is no wonder, then, that even in real time many Israeli commentators already viewed Almagor’s musical as an allegory to the social situation in Israel (Glazer 2012). As exceptional as it was at the time, the musical signified the potential of blackness as a conceptual framework for referring to local experiences. This book engages with expressions and appropriations of blackness as a basis for boundary-making, boundary-breaking, and boundary-re-making in”
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The differences between them, however, was often imagined to be essential and at times were indexed by physical traits. Journalist Arie Gelblum’s early depiction of life in the Ma’abara (transition camp) became particularly (in)famous in that regard:
On Black Jews by Khazars
Quote: “This is a people whose primitivity sets a record, their level of education borders on total ignorance, and yet worse is their lack of ability to absorb anything spiritual. For the most part they are only a tad better than the general level of the[ir] Arab, Negro and Berber neighbors. (…) In the Africans’ living quarters in the camps you will find filth, card playing for money, drunkenness, and prostitution. … These ways of life the Africans carry with them to where they are settled, and there is no wonder that a wave of crime is rising in the country. (Gelblum 1948, quoted in Chetrit 2010: 33)
Gelblum does not refer explicitly to color but his repeated reference to people of the Maghreb as “Africans” implies blackness. The comparison he makes between them and their “Negro neighbors” makes the association with blackness even clearer. Similar cases of glossing over the identity, social class and level of education of Jews from the Middle East, and pejoratively casting them as “Africans,” can be found in earlier writings in reference to Yemenite Jews during the pre-state era. In an effort to reduce Jewish settlers’ dependence on Arab labor, leaders of the Jewish Yishuv came up with the idea of promoting an organized immigration of Yemenite Jews, whom they saw as “natural workers” at “the same backward level as the [Arab] fallahin” (Shohat 1997a: 50). Shohat quoted comments made by Shmuel Yavnieli, an emissary for the Zionist movement sent to Yemen in 1911 to explore the local Jewish community and select migrants who seemed adequate laborers. In his reports Yavnieli goes into detail about the physical appearance and properties of different Yemenite communities, an indication of a “quasi-eugenic selection” policy (ibid.). The actual division of labor on the basis of ethnicity not only ran against the official Zionist narrative of equality but, as Shohat demonstrates, was sometimes expressed openly through racialist discourse. This was the case of Arthur Ruppin who said of Yemenite laborers that “recognizable in them is the touch of Arab blood. … [T]hey have a very dark color” (ibid.). Indeed, if the imagined blackness of the Maghreb Jews was denoted by their “African” origin, then Yemenites’ dark complexion sometimes classified them in Israel as Cushim . “
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