quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
Mota was assigned to Mtdna haplogroup L3x2a, and Y-haplogroup E1b1.

I lack the imagination to see how that proves or even implies anything relating to a back migration of original Blacks from Europe and Asia.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:

However:

What it DOES do is create a little historical conundrum for Albinos:

If the original Europeans: Greeks, Romans, etc. and the original Mesopotamia's and Persians weren't Black, then how could these non-Black, Blacks, "BACK" migrate to Africa?

---

They are not saying blacks who lived outside of Africa then returned in a back migration.
They are saying people, according to OOA theory, whites, Asians, Turks, all people have African ancestors
and this back migration is of people who had left Africa at any point going back to the first migrations out of Africa, people who evolved into non-Africans and then came back into Africa short of 4,500 years ago and mixed with East and other Africans. It is probably mainly middle eastern and Indian DNA
 

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Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
At the base of this Albino stupidity is the proposition that ALL AFRICANS and ONLY AFRICANS, ARE MTDNA HAPLOGROUP "L".

.




1) First of all:

Africa is a HUGE place with well over a BILLION people - How could these dumb-assed Albinos possibly know what all the haplogroups in Africa are?

2) Then there is THIS:





Now consider this:







.

The bottom line:

Albinos making sh1t up as they go!
 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 
^ All you are doing is showing haplogroups, some of which are indigenous and some foreign
Some of the divergence spoken of in the book are of a variety "alleles", alternative forms of the same gene
In Eurasia you don't find the same degree of variety of the same gene
 

---

Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
^ All you are doing is showing haplogroups, some of which are indigenous and some foreign.

---

How do you know that?

What test do you use to determine which genes evolved insitu and which are hybrid?
 

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Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
^Ya, I thought so:

Stupid ass.
 

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Posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova (Member # 15718) on :
 
Well some Europeans have up to 25% African DNA, depending
on the marker measured, and the study considered.
Those who talk about "mixed race" in Africa often
only want to talk about "mixes" ONE-way.


 

---

Posted by Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
^ All you are doing is showing haplogroups, some of which are indigenous and some foreign
Some of the divergence spoken of in the book are of a variety "alleles", alternative forms of the same gene
In Eurasia you don't find the same degree of variety of the same gene

---

quote:

---

Fluctuation in population size might be a mark of the out of Africa group because migration and challenges of adapting to new environments subject the population to both influences of drift and inbreeding. Cases of low census size and a larger inbreeding effective size are known in mammalian populations and attributed to recent population reductions [44]. Although the difference between the current and expected census for Australians was not statistically significant it still indicates an interesting feature of this isolated group. It is not clear why Australia was colonized with a higher population size than the populations that colonized other regions. Henn et al., [45] contemplated this in the light of lineage specific acceleration. Our findings, however, indicate that the population of Australia may have maintained a legacy of high Ne originally carried by the ancestral group that left Africa and seen in the number of haplotypes that survived in their gene pool. This may suggest that both census and effective size of the group that made it to Australia was large enough to counteract the effect of drift and permit survival of relics of these original haplotypes.


It is not only genetic data that lends support to an east African origin of humans but the unparalleled ethnic and linguistic diversity that remains one of the highest worldwide. Interestingly the two most ancestral sequences in the NJ tree figure refer to Nubian individuals.


Nubia is currently identified with one of the most ancient human settlements, the Say culture. Recently, a related compound associated with a lithic middle Stone Agindustry was discovered in Dhofar Oman and taken as an evidence of human migration out of Africa through an Arabian route [46]. Overall, the various genetic markers used in the current analysis support the observation of human effective population size larger than previously estimated, and emphasize the importance of sampling populations of putative deep ancestry.

---

quote:

---

According to the current data East Africa is home to nearly 2/3 of the world genetic diversity independent of sampling effect. Similar figure have been suggested for sub-Saharan Africa populations [1]. The antiquity of the east African gene pool could be viewed not only from the perspective of the amount of genetic diversity endowed within it but also by signals of uni-modal distribution in their mitochondrial DNA (Hassan et al., unpublished) usually taken as an indication of populations that have passed through ‘‘recent’’ demographic expansion [33], although in this case, may in fact be considered a sign of extended shared history of in situ evolution where alleles are exchanged between neighboring demes [34].

• Figure S1 Neighbor joining (NJ). NJ tree of the world populations based on MT-CO2 sequences. The evolutionary relationship of 171 sequences and evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.20401570 is shown. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset. There were a total of 543 positions in the final dataset. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA4. Red dots: east Africa, Blue: Africa, Green: Asia, Yellow: Australia, Pink: Europe and gray: America. (TIF)

• Figure S2 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 2nd and 3rd coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 nuclear microsatellite loci from 469 individuals of 24 world populations. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The figure, besides a separate clustering of east Africans, indicates the substantial contribution of Africans and east Africans to the founding of populations of Europe and Asia.
  (TIF)

• Figure S3 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). The 3rd and 4th coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. The central position of east Africans and some other Africans emphasizes the founding role of east African gene pool and the disparate alignment on coordinates along which the world populations were founded including populations of Aftica aligning along the 4th dimension.
  (TIF)

Figure 4. Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). A. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite Marshfield data set across the human genome for 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS plot was constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin program (Table S3). B. First and second coordinates of an MDS plot of 848 Microsatellite loci, across the human genome in 469 individuals from 24 populations from Africa, Asia and Europe. MDS uses pairwise IBS data based on the 848 loci generated by PLINK software and plotted using R version 2.15.0. East Africans cluster to the left of the plot, while Beja (red cluster in the middle), assumes intermediate position. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0097674.g004

• Figure S4 Multidimensional Scaling Plot (MDS). First and second coordinates of an MDS plot based on MT-CO2 data set constructed from pairwise differences FST generated by Arlequin v3.11. Population code as follows: Nara: Nar, Kunama (Kun), Hidarb (Hid), Afar (Afa), Saho (Sah), Bilen (Bil), Tigre (Tgr), Tigrigna (Tig), Rashaida (Rsh), Nilotics (Nil), Beja (Bej), Ethiopians(Eth), Egyptians (Egy), Moroccans (Mor), Southern Africans (Sth), Pygmy (Pyg), Saudi Arabia (Sdi), Asia (Asi), Europe (Eur), Native Americans (NA), Australians (Ast), Nubians (Nub), Nuba (Nba)
  (TIF)

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--Jibril Hirbo, Sara Tishkoff et al.

The Episode of Genetic Drift Defining the Migration of Humans out of Africa Is Derived from a Large East African Population Size

PLoS One. 2014; 9(5): e97674.
Published online 2014 May 20. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097674

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4028218/pdf/pone.0097674.pdf
 

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Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
LETS REPHRASE:

Study - Originally published in Science Express on October 8 2015

Title: Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent

www2.zoo.cam.ac.uk/manica/ms/2015_Gallego_Llorente_et_al_Science.pdf

In 2011, archaeologists working with Gamo tribesman in the highlands of southwest Ethiopia discovered Mota Cave, 14 metres wide and 9 metres high, overlooking a nearby river. A year later, they excavated a burial of an adult male, his body extended and hands folded below his chin. Radiocarbon dating suggested that the man died around 4,500 years ago — before the proposed time of the Eurasian migrations and the advent of agriculture in eastern Africa.

Advances in ancient DNA technology allow researchers to reap DNA from ever older bones, and the cool, constant temperatures of caves are kind to the molecule. So a team co-led by Ron Pinhasi, an archaeologist at University College Dublin, tested the Mota man's bones for intact DNA and found enough to sequence his genome 12 times over.

The first-ever DNA sequencing of the skull of the ancient African – the 4,500-year old ‘Mota man’ has revealed that a huge migration from Western Eurasia into the Horn of Africa 3,000 years ago, was twice as significant in terms of numbers and genetic influence as had been thought. Indeed, it was so large that it could have increased the population of the Horn of Africa by close to a third – which in turn led to a bigger genetic impact than expected, the report found.

The man’s DNA suggests that Middle Eastern farmers migrated into Africa several thousand years ago, leaving traces of their Eurasian ancestry in the genomes of many modern-day Africans.

The man's genome is, unsurprisingly, more closely related to present-day Ethiopian highlanders known as the Ari than to any other population the team examined, suggesting a clear line of descent for the Ari from ancient human populations living in the area. But further genetic studies show that the Ari also descend from people that lived outside Africa, which chimes with a previous study that discovered a ‘backflow’ of humans into Africa from Eurasia around 3,000 years ago. (Humans first migrated FROM Africa some 60,000 to 100,000 years ago.)

Using genetic evidence from Eurasian ancient genomes and present-day populations, the researchers determined that the migrant ancestors of the Ari were closely related to early farmers who moved into Europe from the Near East around 9,000 years ago. Co-author Marcos Gallego Llorente, an evolutionary geneticist at the University of Cambridge, UK, suggests that Middle Eastern farmers later moved south to Africa, bringing new crops to the continent such as wheat, barley and lentils. The team also found vestiges of these migrants’ DNA in people all across sub-Saharan Africa — probably carried by later migrations, such as the expansion of Bantu-speaking groups from West Africa to other parts of the continent around 1,000 years ago.

Mota Man was assigned to Mtdna haplogroup L3x2a, and Y-haplogroup E1b1.

Supplementary Text has dna haplotypes

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/10/07/science.aad2879/suppl/DC1
 

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Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
Comment: Basically what these researchers are saying is that Mota man shows no genetic commonality with Eurasians, but many MODERN Africans do. Therefore they are taking Mota man as being TYPICAL of Ancient Africans. And they are saying that the part of the modern Ari genome that is different from Mota man is due to Eurasian admixture.

There are a few problems with the assumptions and logic's used.

1) Africa is a HUGE place with well over a BILLION people, many in isolated communities - Researchers know little about African genetics. Yet these idiots on the basis of ONE sample, are presuming to know the genetics of ancient Africans. This in the face of knowing that Africans have the worlds most varied genetics.



2) Then there is the problem of the Eurasian base samples, what skeletal remains were they taken from?

BECAUSE - NONE OF THE PEOPLE IN THE MIDDLE EAST ARE THE ORIGINAL POPULATIONS!
THEY ARE ALL TURKS AND TURK MULATTOES FROM THE ARAB AND TURKISH CONQUEST FROM 640 A.D. ONWARD.
 

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Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
But playing Devils advocate and going along with this nonsense: These are some possible historical events that might have spurred Black Europeans and Middle-Easterners back into Africa 3,000 years ago.

To be continued:
 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
But playing Devils advocate and going along with this nonsense: These are some possible historical events that might have spurred Black Europeans and Middle-Easterners back into Africa 3,000 years ago.

To be continued:

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
Well some Europeans have up to 25% African DNA, depending
on the marker measured, and the study considered.
Those who talk about "mixed race" in Africa often
only want to talk about "mixes" ONE-way.

---

Exactly. Notice that they try and put all these hypothetical ancient Eurasian populations as 'pure' non black, non African populations totally ignoring and downplaying that ALL humans came from Africa. And that is the point. They don't want to point out that ALL humans came from Africa which makes ALL DNA ultimately African which is why they keep playing this game. You got these scientists calling DNA "Eurasian" thousands of years later after theoretical arrival from outside Africa, yet the DNA of Africans outside Africa is NEVER called African even right after it arrived. Notice that double standard? Africans left Africa 60,000 years ago and they stop calling them Africans as soon as they leave the continent. These people are silly.
 

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Posted by xyyman (Member # 13597) on :
 


to OP
 

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Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
^To be clear, European and Middle-Eastern Blacks, including Egyptians, did return to lower Africa. One needs only to look at the Hebrew Lemba in Zimbabwe and the Hebrews in Ethiopia to know that. It is the concept that this was a huge, Africa changing backflow, based on such flimsy evidence, that is absurd.



 

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Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
But playing Devils advocate and going along with this nonsense: These are some possible historical events that might have spurred Black Europeans and Middle-Easterners back into lower Africa 3,000 years ago.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Doug M:

quote:

---

Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
Well some Europeans have up to 25% African DNA, depending
on the marker measured, and the study considered.
Those who talk about "mixed race" in Africa often
only want to talk about "mixes" ONE-way.

---

Exactly. Notice that they try and put all these hypothetical ancient Eurasian populations as 'pure' non black, non African populations totally ignoring and downplaying that ALL humans came from Africa. And that is the point. They don't want to point out that ALL humans came from Africa which makes ALL DNA ultimately African which is why they keep playing this game. You got these scientists calling DNA "Eurasian" thousands of years later after theoretical arrival from outside Africa, yet the DNA of Africans outside Africa is NEVER called African even right after it arrived. Notice that double standard? Africans left Africa 60,000 years ago and they stop calling them Africans as soon as they leave the continent. These people are silly.

---

Indeed. And even in the case of ancient "back migration"
which no one doubts has occurred:

a) The people "back flowing" already looked like Africans

b) Some "Backflowees" developed unique DNA variants that are found
mostly in Africa. So why aren't they called African?
In Europe various unique DNA variants are held to be European.
But in Africa, a different double standard applies.


The internal flow.. from Africa..

DNA study casts doubt on some claimed levels of back-migration from Asia
to Africa for all variants of R1b. The V88 DNA marker claimed to have "back-flowed"
solely from Eurasia is better explained by migration from the South, WITHIN
Africa
QUOTE:

"Human Y chromosomes belonging to the haplogroup R1b1-P25, although very common in Europe, are usually rare in Africa. However, recently published studies have reported high frequencies of this haplogroup in the central-western region of the African continent and proposed that this represents a 'back-to-Africa' migration during prehistoric times. To obtain a deeper insight into the history of these lineages, we characterised the paternal genetic background of a population in Equatorial Guinea, a Central-West African country located near the region in which the highest frequencies of the R1b1 haplogroup in Africa have been found to date. In our sample, the large majority (78.6%) of the sequences belong to subclades in haplogroup E, which are the most frequent in Bantu groups. However, the frequency of the R1b1 haplogroup in our sample (17.0%) was higher than that previously observed for the majority of the African continent. Of these R1b1 samples, nine are defined by the V88 marker, which was recently discovered in Africa.

As high microsatellite variance was found inside this haplogroup in Central-West Africa and a decrease in this variance was observed towards Northeast Africa, our findings do not support the previously hypothesised movement of Chadic-speaking people from the North across the Sahara as the explanation for these R1b1 lineages in Central-West Africa. The present findings are also compatible with an origin of the V88-derived allele in the Central-West Africa, and its presence in North Africa may be better explained as the result of a migration from the south during the mid-Holocene."
--Gonzalez et al 2013. The genetic landscape of Equatorial Guinea and the origin and migration routes of the Y chromosome haplogroup R-V88. Eur J Hum Genet. 2013 Mar;21(3):324-31.



All agree that ancient tribes and groups might have moved back and forth from Africa to Arabia and the Levant and vice versa tens of thousands of years ago. Just nomads can do that easily following herds, or people can move in response to climate changes or food resource fluctuations. But whatever the reason, the peoples shuffling back and forth looked like Africans, no matter what label is put on them.. It makes little difference..


 

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Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
2) The Sea People finally settled in Anatolia (modern Turkey), bringing an end to one of the Hattie nations (falsely called the Hittites). These supplanted Anatolian's may have returned to Africa.




3) By the mid-9th century B.C, two new groups of people appear in Elam (modern Iran), these are the Medes (Mada) and the Persians (Parsua). The two formed the Persian nation and gradually supplanted the Elamites. This might have caused Elamites to return to Africa.


 

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Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:

Indeed. And even in the case of ancient "back migration"
which no one doubts has occurred:

a) The people "back flowing" already looked like Africans

---

what is your evidence of this? You're saying all brown skinned people look African?




Why do you have a graphic here about R-V88
a sub clade of 5-9000 y.o.
and to the left of ot a map including ancient fossils in Africa, all of which predate haplogroup R by many tens of thousands of years?
 

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Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness:

what is your evidence of this? You're saying all brown skinned people look African?

---

Ha,ha,ha,ha,ha,ha:

Damn - you have to be the absolute STUPIDEST person ever born!

FOOL - ALL HUMANS LOOK AFRICAN, BE THEY PURPLE, YELLOW, WHITE AS SNOW, OR BLACK!

I know, it's your Albino delusion that you're really a unique group of humans, and not simply the Albinos of Black people.

But the simple fact is that if you show me a phenotype, I can show you an African with it.
And it has nothing to do with any BULLSH1T BACKFLOW!


BUT WHAT IT DOES HAVE TO DO WITH IS THIS!

.



 

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Posted by Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
^ All you are doing is showing haplogroups, some of which are indigenous and some foreign
Some of the divergence spoken of in the book are of a variety "alleles", alternative forms of the same gene
In Eurasia you don't find the same degree of variety of the same gene

---

How are middle easterners Eurasians?

You always had this back migration quest.
 

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Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
The first-ever DNA sequencing of the skull of the ancient African – the 4,500-year old ‘Mota man’ has revealed that a huge migration from Western Eurasia into the Horn of Africa 3,000 years ago, was twice as significant in terms of numbers and genetic influence as had been thought. Indeed, it was so large that it could have increased the population of the Horn of Africa by close to a third – which in turn led to a bigger genetic impact than expected, the report found.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
what is your evidence of this? You're saying all brown skinned people look African?

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:

Indeed. And even in the case of ancient "back migration"
which no one doubts has occurred:

a) The people "back flowing" already looked like Africans

---

what is your evidence of this? You're saying all brown skinned people look African?




Why do you have a graphic here about R-V88
a sub clade of 5-9000 y.o.
and to the left of ot a map including ancient fossils in Africa, all of which predate haplogroup R by many tens of thousands of years?

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
I am not going to spoon feed you. The answer is already above.
And how can you say:
"The Africans in coastal countries who live near trading routes have more of this foreign admixture."

There are plenty of people on the West African coast.
What admixture do they have from Indians and Middle
Easterners? Why do you mention this? It makes no sense.

And if East Africa is considered, exactly what coastal
populations near trading routes show more foreign admixture around
the time of Mota Man? What studies cite these populations
What was the exact mix in the coastal trading locations?
And where exactly are they? in what era?

---

Look, it's a time for rejoicing

4,500 years ago you have this unadmixed Ethiopian.
If that is the pattern for the region that's 2,485 B.C.

Pre-dynastic to Early Dynastic is around 5,500-2,700 B.C., well before it

Now with this very important ancient African genome, by far the oldest of it's kind, is suggestive that the Dynastic Race theory or Sumer seeded Egypt is wrong, This could also lead to disproving Brenna Henn's much older 12 kya back-migration estimates

Also Yorubas are only estimated 6-7% admixed

However this one specimen alone is not enough for broad sweeping generalizations in any direction- just a piece of a puzzle

lioness productions
to the fullest extent of the law
 

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Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
 
I am willing to bet that a lot of that have to do with East African Swahili states of the middle ages, with all that trading and mixing, remember all it take is one male ancestor to take a Eurasian gene inland from the coast and spread it spread around regardless of what that ancestor might of looked like. no need to go looking for some lost white tribe.
For me the report is Meh!
 

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Posted by Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
Why if the topic is East Africa, why is R-V88 whuch originates in Central West Africa ("south" of Chad) brought up?

Why is a map which has nothing to do with Haplogroup R, shows no skeletal remains in West Africa on a graphic about R-V88 ?

Why if the topic is a back migration short of 4,500 years ago is there a graphic up showing human remains/artifact sites, the earliest being 75 kya? It makes no sesne

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quote:

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Southwest Arabia During the Holocene: Recent Archaeological Developments.


Abstract Recent fieldwork has considerably increased our knowledge of early Holocene settlement in Southwest Arabia. Neolithic settlement occurred within an environmental context of increased monsoonal moisture that continued during the mid-Holocene. A now well-attested Bronze Age exemplified by village- and town-scale settlements occupied by sedentary farmers developed toward the end of the mid-Holocene moist interval. The high plateau of Yemen was an early focus for the development of Bronze Age complex society, the economy of which relied upon terraced rain-fed and runoff agriculture. On the fringes of the Arabian desert, the precursors of the Sabaean literate civilization have been traced back to between 3600 and 2800 B.P., and even earlier, so that a virtually continuous archaeological record can now be described for parts of Yemen. In contrast to the highlands these societies relied upon food production from large-scale irrigation systems dependent upon capricious wadi floods. Bronze Age settlement, while showing some links with the southern Levant, now shows equal or stronger linkages with the Horn of Africa across the Red Sea. Although some regions of Yemen show breaks in occupation, others show continuity into the Sabaean period when a series of major towns grew up in response to the incense trade with the north. It is now clear that these civilizations grew up on the foundations of earlier Bronze Age complex societies.

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quote:

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S9. f4 ratio analysis shows that Mota has no component of West Eurasian admixture

We used f4 ratio analysis (63) to formally assess the extent of back-migration to Africa by West Eurasians, using the same logic as adopted by Pickrell et al (58) . We quantified the West Eurasian component in Africa, using Yoruba as our non-admixed African reference, with the ratio f4(Han, Orcadian; X, Druze) / f4 (Han, Orcadian; Yoruba, Druze), where X is a contemporary African population or Mota. However, since Druze has a small level of West African ancestry, this f4 ratio is biased and does not show the desired fraction of West Eurasian component. To correct for this, we define λYoruba,Druze as the fraction of Druze-like (i.e. West Eurasian) ancestry population X, and F as the fraction of Yoruba-like (i.e. West African) ancestry in Druze (estimated in other studies to be F=0.05) (64). We can then write the following equation:
f4 (Han, Orcadian; X, Druze) / f4 (Han, Orcadian; Yoruba ,Druze) = (1 - λYoruba,Druze – F) / (1 – F)

(2)
and solve for λYoruba,Druze for each population X. All statistics were computed with the F4Ratio program from the ADMIXTOOLS package.

We first checked that subsetting to the SNPs available for Mota did not affect estimates for contemporary African populations (Table S5), which are in line with those estimated by Pickrell et al (58) using all available positions (Pearson Correlation r=0.9998). Mota does not show any evidence of a West Eurasian component, with a λYoruba,Druze value that is negative (-8.7%, ± 2.2%). This contrasts in particular with the Ari, their closest contemporary relatives, which show large West Eurasian components (17.8%±1.0% and 14.9%±1.2% for Ari Cultivator and Ari Blacksmith, respectively). We confirmed that such a difference is not due to a comparison of a single individual to population estimates by recomputing the f4 ratio for each individual belonging to an Ethiopian population in our dataset (Fig. S6). The absence of a West Eurasian component in Mota supports the dating of the backflow into Africa, which, at ~3.5kya, is younger than our ancient genome (dated to 4.5 kya).

Given that Mota predates the backflow, it potentially provides a better unadmixed African reference than contemporary Yoruba. Thus, we recomputed the extent of the West Eurasian component in contemporary African populations using Mota, λMota,Druze, instead of Yoruba in our f4 ratio. By using this better reference, we estimated West Eurasian admixture to be significantly larger than previously estimated, with an additional 6-9% of the genome of contemporary African populations being of Eurasian origin (Fig. S6, and Table S5). Importantly, this analysis shows that the West Eurasian component can be found also in West Africa (Fig. S6), albeit at lower levels than in Eastern Africa. Importantly, a sizeable West Eurasian component is also found in the Yoruba and Mbuti, which are often used a representative of an unadmixed African population.

---

quote:

---

S10. Admixture f3 statistics show that the West Eurasian component originated from a population similar to the early Neolithic farmers

Since we have in Mota an unadmixed African population, we can look for the origin of the West Eurasian backflow by modelling contemporary Ari as a mixture of Mota and possible source populations. We do this by using the admixture f3-statistics (63) in the form f3(X, Mota; AriCultivator), where X is a contemporary Eurasian population from our global panel or a Eurasian ancient genome. For the latter, we used a representative of Mesolithic hunter-gatherers (Loschbour), and one of the Early Neolithic farmers (LBK, also known as Stuttgart) (9); these two genomes were chosen for their high coverage, allowing us to use most of the SNPs available for contemporary populations and Mota. The genomic positions included in the global dataset were called in these two genomes using samtools, calling sites with base quality ≥20 and mapping quality ≥30. Then, the vcf files were converted to plink-format files using vcftools (59), and finally merged with the global dataset (already containing Mota), using PLINK (60). All f3 statistics were computed using the 3PopTest program from the ADMIXTOOLS package (63).

LBK (an early Neolithic farmer) and Sardinians are the two most likely sources (showing the most negative admixture f3 values) for the Eurasian admixture in the Ari. A number of other analyses have shown Sardinians to be the closest contemporary population to early Neolithic farmers that came into Europe from the Near East (9), as contemporary populations from that region have been affected by large-scale populations movements in the last few millennia (65). Thus, the West Eurasian backflow originated from the direct descendants of the same early farmers who brought agriculture into Europe. Given that we have a putative source for the West Eurasian component, we can re-estimate its extent by using LBK as its source in our estimation of the f4 ratio, from which λMota,LBK can be derived without having to worry about West African ancestry in the source (as we had to for the Druze; Fig. S7).


the error associated with the ALDER estimates, the two are in reality not that incompatible as they are less than 3 standard errors (SE) apart: the upper boundary based on the ancient genome is 2.81 SE different to the ALDER estimate if we use a generation time of 29 years, and 2.41 SE if we use 25 years. Furthermore, the magnitude of the admixture proportion in Yoruba is rather low, a level at which we expect ALDER estimates to be less accurate. Indeed, we see that the proportion inferred by ALDER (2.7%) is much lower than the direct estimate based on the f4 ratio using Mota as a reference (6%).

We next tested whether the West Eurasian component found in Yoruba, which had been previously suggested to be older than Mota [dated to 9.6k±1.8k yrs ago using ALDER (16)], comes from the same source found for the Ari. We use the D statistics (66, 67) in the form D(Yoruba, Mota; X, Han), where X is a contemporary Eurasian population from our global panel or a Eurasian ancient genome. Sardinians and LBK were again found to be the most likely source of the West Eurasian component (giving the strongest positive values that indicate excess affinity between X and Yoruba compared to Mota, Table S6). This result suggests that there was a single source for the West Eurasian component found throughout Africa. So, how can the date estimated by ALDER (9,618±1,825 assuming a generation time of 29 years, and 8,300±1,575 with 25 years) be reconciled with the timing directly inferred by the age of our ancient genome (4.5 k yrs)? Given the error associated with the ALDER estimates, the two are in reality not that incompatible as they are less than 3 standard errors (SE) apart: the upper boundary based on the ancient genome is 2.81 SE different to the ALDER estimate if we use a generation time of 29 years, and 2.41 SE if we use 25 years. Furthermore, the magnitude of the admixture proportion in Yoruba is rather low, a level at which we expect ALDER estimates to be less accurate. Indeed, we see that the proportion inferred by ALDER (2.7%) is much lower than the direct estimate based on the f4 ratio using Mota as a reference (6%).


Finally, we repeated the analysis detailed above using Mbuti as our target (Table S7). The signal was slightly weaker in this case, but Sardinians were again highlighted as the most likely source of the West Eurasian component in this population (LBK was ranked 6th in this analysis).

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

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Originally posted by zarahan- aka Enrique Cardova:
I am not going to spoon feed you. The answer is already above.
And how can you say:
"The Africans in coastal countries who live near trading routes have more of this foreign admixture."

There are plenty of people on the West African coast.
What admixture do they have from Indians and Middle
Easterners? Why do you mention this? It makes no sense.

And if East Africa is considered, exactly what coastal
populations near trading routes show more foreign admixture around
the time of Mota Man? What studies cite these populations
What was the exact mix in the coastal trading locations?
And where exactly are they? in what era?

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Look, it's a time for rejoicing

4,500 years ago you have this unadmixed Ethiopian.
If that is the pattern for the region that's 2,485 B.C.

Pre-dynastic to Early Dynastic is around 5,500-2,700 B.C., well before it

Now with this very important ancient African genome, by far the oldest of it's kind, is suggestive that the Dynastic Race theory or Sumer seeded Egypt is wrong, This could also lead to disproving Brenna Henn's much older 12 kya back-migration estimates

Also Yorubas are only estimated 6-7% admixed

However this one specimen alone is not enough for broad sweeping generalizations in any direction- just a piece of a puzzle

lioness productions
to the fullest extent of the law

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quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
Yes, Africa has always been pure and free of foreign immigrations and all of these geneticists are lying right wing racists, yeah that's it

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Racist in science have never existed. And political agendas have never existed. LOL


Tiny europe is most pure, and untouched of the black African (nigger), even until recent in history, right? Mike, Iron Lion, Habsburg and Clyde are always lying.





Africa - 11,677,239 square miles (30,244,049 square km)


Europe - 3,997,929 square miles (10,354,636 square km)


-Jedi mind tricks.


If You’ve Ever Heard Racists Say Black People Are Genetically Inferior, Watch This Doctor Explain How That’s Impossible

http://atlantablackstar.com/2014/06/27/youve-ever-heard-racists-say-black-people-genetically-inferior-watch-doctor-explain-thats-impossible/

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DNA Discoverer: Blacks Less Intelligent Than Whites

One of the world's most eminent scientists has created a racial firestorm in Britain.

James D. Watson, 79, co-discoverer of the DNA helix and winner of the 1962 Nobel Prize in medicine, told the Sunday Times of London that he was "inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa" because "all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours — whereas all the testing says not really."

He recognized that the prevailing belief was that all human groups are equal, but that "people who have to deal with black employees find this not true."

• Click here to read the full Sunday Times of London profile.

Acknowledging that the issue was a "hot potato," the lifelong Democrat and avowed secular humanist nonetheless said his beliefs were not an excuse to discriminate against blacks.

"There are many people of color who are very talented," said Watson, "but don't promote them when they haven't succeeded at the lower level."

He told the interviewer, a former student of his, that he had recently inaugurated a DNA learning center near Harlem, and would like to have more black researchers at his lab, "but there's no one to recruit."

• Click here to visit FOXNews.com's Human Body Center.

• Click here to visit FOXNews.com's Natural Science Center.

Steven Rose, a professor of biological sciences at the Open University in Britain, was quick to dismiss Watson's comments.

"This is Watson at his most scandalous, " Rose told the Times of London. "If he knew the literature in the subject, he would know he was out of his depth scientifically, quite apart from socially and politically."

Watson is the former director and current chancellor of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory biological-research institution on New York's Long Island, and both admired and infamous for bluntly speaking his mind.

In a British television documentary in 2003, Watson advised eliminating low intelligence through gene therapy.

"If you are really stupid, I would call that a disease," said Watson, according to New Scientist magazine. "The lower 10 percent who really have difficulty, even in elementary school, what's the cause of it?

"A lot of people would like to say, 'Well, poverty, things like that.' It probably isn't," he added. "So I'd like to get rid of that, to help the lower 10 percent."

He also touched upon sexual attraction in the same TV program.

"People say it would be terrible if we made all girls pretty," Watson said. "I think it would be great."

In 2000, he told a lecture audience at U.C. Berkeley that there was a correlation between a population's exposure to sunlight and its sex drive.

"That's why you have Latin lovers," Watson said, according to the San Francisco Chronicle. "You've never heard of an English lover. Only an English patient."

The notion that intelligence tests and other scientific evidence shows that racial groups differ in intelligence, at least statistically, is not a new one.

It last gained popular attention in 1994 with "The Bell Curve," a best-selling book written by Harvard psychologist Richard J. Herrnstein (who died before publication) and political scientist Charles Murray, which argued that intelligence was more important than socio-economic background or education in achieving success in American life.

The book does not explicitly ascribe a genetic, racial connection to intelligence, but Murray in his publicity tour to promote the book cited studies that human intelligence could be ranked by ancestry, with East Asians and European Jews leading the way.

That view was more clearly stated in 1995 by British-Canadian psychologist J. Philippe Rushton, whose "Race, Evolution and Behavior: A Life History Perspective" quantified dozens of differences between blacks, whites and Asians.

In the 1970s, electronics pioneer William Shockley, who won the 1956 Nobel Prize in physics, said that the human race would suffer as less intelligent people outbred more intelligent ones, with the greatest damage to occur in the black American population.

Most sociologists, geneticists and psychologists reject the notion of racial differences in intelligence, pointing out that economic and social factors clearly influence IQ test scores.

The issue of race itself is scientifically controversial, with some arguing that it is a meaningless term and others saying that consistent traits occur among individuals of shared ancestry.

Watson is currently in Britain promoting his just-published new volume of memoirs, "Avoid Boring People: Lessons From a Life in Science."

"There is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically," he writes. "Our wanting to reserve equal powers of reason as some universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so."

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Fury at DNA pioneer's theory: Africans are less intelligent than

One of the world's most eminent scientists was embroiled in an extraordinary row last night after he claimed that black people were less intelligent than white people and the idea that "equal powers of reason" were shared across racial groups was a delusion.

James Watson, a Nobel Prize winner for his part in the unravelling of DNA who now runs one of America's leading scientific research institutions, drew widespread condemnation for comments he made ahead of his arrival in Britain today for a speaking tour at venues including the Science Museum in London.

The 79-year-old geneticist reopened the explosive debate about race and science in a newspaper interview in which he said Western policies towards African countries were wrongly based on an assumption that black people were as clever as their white counterparts when "testing" suggested the contrary. He claimed genes responsible for creating differences in human intelligence could be found within a decade.

The newly formed Equality and Human Rights Commission, successor to the Commission for Racial Equality, said it was studying Dr Watson's remarks "in full". Dr Watson told The Sunday Times that he was "inherently gloomy about the prospect of Africa" because "all our social policies are based on the fact that their intelligence is the same as ours – whereas all the testing says not really". He said there was a natural desire that all human beings should be equal but "people who have to deal with black employees find this not true".

His views are also reflected in a book published next week, in which he writes: "There is no firm reason to anticipate that the intellectual capacities of peoples geographically separated in their evolution should prove to have evolved identically. Our wanting to reserve equal powers of reason as some universal heritage of humanity will not be enough to make it so."

The furore echoes the controversy created in the 1990s by The Bell Curve, a book co-authored by the American political scientist Charles Murray, which suggested differences in IQ were genetic and discussed the implications of a racial divide in intelligence. The work was heavily criticised across the world, in particular by leading scientists who described it as a work of "scientific racism".

Dr Watson arrives in Britain today for a speaking tour to publicise his latest book, Avoid Boring People: Lessons from a Life in Science. Among his first engagements is a speech to an audience at the Science Museum organised by the Dana Centre, which held a discussion last night on the history of scientific racism.

Critics of Dr Watson said there should be a robust response to his views across the spheres of politics and science. Keith Vaz, the Labour chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee, said: "It is sad to see a scientist of such achievement making such baseless, unscientific and extremely offensive comments. I am sure the scientific community will roundly reject what appear to be Dr Watson's personal prejudices.

"These comments serve as a reminder of the attitudes which can still exists at the highest professional levels."

The American scientist earned a place in the history of great scientific breakthroughs of the 20th century when he worked at the University of Cambridge in the 1950s and 1960s and formed part of the team which discovered the structure of DNA. He shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for medicine with his British colleague Francis Crick and New Zealand-born Maurice Wilkins.

But despite serving for 50 years as a director of the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, considered a world leader in research into cancer and genetics, Dr Watson has frequently courted controversy with some of his views on politics, sexuality and race. The respected journal Science wrote in 1990: "To many in the scientific community, Watson has long been something of a wild man, and his colleagues tend to hold their collective breath whenever he veers from the script."

In 1997, he told a British newspaper that a woman should have the right to abort her unborn child if tests could determine it would be homosexual. He later insisted he was talking about a "hypothetical" choice which could never be applied. He has also suggested a link between skin colour and sex drive, positing the theory that black people have higher libidos, and argued in favour of genetic screening and engineering on the basis that "stupidity" could one day be cured. He has claimed that beauty could be genetically manufactured, saying: "People say it would be terrible if we made all girls pretty. I think it would great."

The Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory said yesterday that Dr Watson could not be contacted to comment on his remarks.

Steven Rose, a professor of biological sciences at the Open University and a founder member of the Society for Social Responsibility in Science, said: "This is Watson at his most scandalous. He has said similar things about women before but I have never heard him get into this racist terrain. If he knew the literature in the subject he would know he was out of his depth scientifically, quite apart from socially and politically."

Anti-racism campaigners called for Dr Watson's remarks to be looked at in the context of racial hatred laws. A spokesman for the 1990 Trust, a black human rights group, said: "It is astonishing that a man of such distinction should make comments that seem to perpetuate racism in this way. It amounts to fuelling bigotry and we would like it to be looked at for grounds of legal complaint."

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Most White People Think Blacks Are Intellectually Inferior

Published March 2, 2007
Luke Visconti’s Ask the White Guy column is a top draw on DiversityInc.com. Visconti, the founder and CEO of DiversityInc, is a nationally recognized leader in diversity management. In his popular column, readers who ask Visconti tough questions about race/culture, religion, gender, sexual orientation, disability and age can expect smart, direct and disarmingly frank answers.

Ask the White Guy Luke ViscontiQuestion:
I think you have a distorted view of Americans when you make such blanket statements like the one you made in your reply to the question of “Why doesn’t the NBA look like America?” You stated “… because it’s still not acceptable in our society to think of black people as being intellectually equal.”

I find that very offensive. I know I don’t think like that, nor do most whites I know. I do know a number of African Americans who think whites think that way, and your statement just reinforces their thinking. Perpetuating that kind of thinking only aids in supporting the separatist attitude that too many African Americans hold, and it certainly won’t help it to go away.

Answer:
You may not think like that–and because you don’t, you associate with people who share your opinion. That’s good. However, unless we face the facts as they are, we can’t change our circumstances. I think the facts show that most whites do not accept blacks as intellectually equal.

We live in a society that purports itself to be open for all people, but we should keep in mind that Dr. King and the civil-rights movement had to bring the federal government to the state of national unrest and international embarrassment (over the treatment of peaceful civil-rights marchers) to get the Civil Rights and Voting Rights Bills passed just 42 years ago. Until that time, most African Americans could not legally vote, and access to “mainstream” higher education was almost zero.

Sen. Obama is the third black senator since reconstruction (which ended in approximately 1877). There have been 1,148 senators sworn in since 1877. African Americans have been fairly consistent at 13 percent of our population. If whites felt that blacks were intellectually equal, they certainly wouldn’t have enslaved African Americans, and the Senate would have been far more than 0.26 percent black.

It’s a sad state of affairs, but there’s no way our country would sit still for a second and accept Gary, Ind., or Camden, N.J., looking as it does if the inhabitants were not almost 100 percent black.

You and I may accept blacks as intellectually equal–and I’d assume that we both socialize with people who feel the same as we do–but that’s no reason to assume most white people feel the same way, because the facts show otherwise.

Aside from the ethical issue, there is an overarching economic imperative to rectify disparities: We are now competing in a global market; any waste of talent is a loss in productivity, innovation and wealth that we cannot afford.

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Theory of Blacks' Intellectual Inferiority Rears Ugly Head at Harvard

This week is Harvard's commencement for the class of 2010.

As one of the most renowned and liberal institutions in the world, it's always hurtful and harmful -- both to the campus milieu and the school's reputation -- when racist and sexist acts occur at Harvard University.

Last month, a lengthy email written by a third-year student and an editor on the Harvard Law Review, Stephanie Grace, was printed by the legal blog abovethelaw.com. In that email, Grace wrote that she thought blacks might be genetically inferior to whites: "I absolutely do not rule out the possibility that African Americans are, on average, genetically predisposed to be less intelligent," she said. (Grace's comment came following a private dinner conversation about affirmative action and race.)

As we all know, affirmative action is a hot-button issue. At a basic level, it's an attempt to take race, gender and ethnicity (to name only a few factors) into consideration to promote a level playing field for all. But the sub-text in all affirmative action debates is the fallacious belief that blacks selected to benefit from it are hopelessly and helplessly genetically inferior -- that their DNA is chromosomally deficient, if not defective.

The myth of genetic inferiority of people of African ancestry is centuries old, tracing back to when the first slave boat arrived on our shores in 1619 in Jamestown, Virginia. The myth of genetic inferiority of people of African ancestry not only legitimatized slavery, but also biblically sanctioned it. It was aided by people like Nobel Laureate William Shockley, who in 1956 voiced his theory of a genetic basis for racial inferiority. As part of his theory on the biology of ethnicity, Shockley stated that people of African ancestry belonged to a lower species of humanity, and deserved sterilization.

The idea of sterilizing blacks -- because we supposedly belonged to a "lower species of humanity" -- was part and parcel of the American eugenics movement, which started in 1926. Even Planned Parenthood's founder, Margaret Sanger -- an iconic figure for the women's reproductive rights movement -- espoused eugenics theory, backing the 1939 "Negro Project," which was a precursor to what eugenists wanted to implement on a much larger scale.

As Sanger told the Senate in 1932, "The main objectives of the [proposed] Population Congress is to...apply a stern and rigid policy of sterilization and segregation to that grade of population whose progeny is already tainted, or whose inheritance is such that objectionable traits may be transmitted to offspring."

Debates about genetic inferiority are not new, and perhaps will continue, especially in light of ongoing debates about affirmative action. But it's surprising to find them at an institution of learning like Harvard.

Then again, Harvard is also the place where in January 2005, then-president of the University, Larry Summers, espoused his belief in the genetic inferiority of women. At a conference discussing why women are underrepresented in tenured science and engineering jobs at the best universities and research institutions, Summers stated that one explanation might be the "different availability of aptitude at the high end." Summers went on to say that his "best guess" was that "there are issues of intrinsic aptitude," meaning men tend to have a broader range of I.Q. scores than women -- what he said was a more important factor to explain the lack of women in such fields than "different socialization and patterns of discrimination."

As a woman, Grace surely realizes the absurdity of Summers' argument, an absurdity that's true of her own as well.

What do Grace's views mean for her future career? The Harvard Law Review is one of the premier journals of legal scholarship in the country. Grace is an editor of the journal, and will soon be an attorney. In her practice, will Grace be espousing racist legal theory? She graduates this week.

Many of the journal's alumni have gone on to be Supreme Court justices, cabinet secretaries and U.S. government officials. But only one went on to become president of the U.S. -- Barack Obama, a man who was admitted thanks to affirmative action.

While Grace might argue that Obama is advantaged in terms of genetic intelligence because he's biracial -- as opposed to black -- let's remember that it was his Kenyan father who graduated from Harvard with a Ph.D. in economics, not his white mother.

Not surprisingly, Harvard Law School's dean, Martha Minow, has denounced Grace's email, stating that the school is "committed to preventing degradation of any individual or group." But as long as discrimination along the lines of race, class and gender persist, girded by attitudes of white superiority like Grace's, society will miss out on the future Barack Obamas of the world.

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Originally posted by Ish Gebor:


Tiny europe is most pure, and untouched of the black African, even until recent recentory. Right? Mike and Clyde are always lying.

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quote:

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Originally posted by Ish Gebor:


Tiny europe is most pure, and untouched of the black African, even until recent recentory. Right? Mike and Clyde are always lying.

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Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

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Originally posted by Ish Gebor:


Tiny europe is most pure, and untouched of the black African, even until recent recentory. Right? Mike and Clyde are always lying.

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You are behind the times
Mike no longer believes blacks in America are mainly of black European descent.

Now Mike and Clyde think blacks in America are primarily Native American

I'm old school. Call me crazy but I still believe we are primarily African

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Originally posted by Mike111:
The Albino who did this study are full of sh1t.
Please read the data and see for yourselves. They compared Mota with LBK and the Druze, so here they are.

LBK

Study: Ancient DNA from European Early Neolithic Farmers Reveals Their Near Eastern Affinities
Published: November 9, 2010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000536

Abstract
In Europe, the Neolithic transition (8,000–4,000 b.c.) from hunting and gathering to agricultural communities was one of the most important demographic events since the initial peopling of Europe by anatomically modern humans in the Upper Paleolithic (40,000 b.c.). However, the nature and speed of this transition is a matter of continuing scientific debate in archaeology, anthropology, and human population genetics.
We genetically characterized a population of the earliest farming culture in Central Europe, the Linear Pottery Culture (LBK; 5,500–4,900 calibrated b.c.). We cloned and sequenced the mitochondrial hypervariable segment I and designed two powerful SNP multiplex PCR systems to generate new mitochondrial and Y-chromosomal data from 21 individuals from a complete LBK graveyard at Derenburg Meerenstieg II in Germany.

We successfully typed 17 individuals for mtDNA, which together with a previous study provided data for 22 individuals from the Derenburg graveyard.
(Total samples = 26 in table) 3(H), 5(T), 3(K), 2(W), 1(V), 3(N1), 2(HV), 3(J), 1(W), 3(T)

Y chromosome SNPs could be typed for only three out of the eight male individuals
1 - hg G (M201), 2 - could be either F or H

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Mike has some info up here and his racist comment is:

"The Albino who did this study are full of sh1t.
Please read the data and see for yourselves. They compared Mota with LBK and the Druze, so here they are."

And the answer to that is "so what, you have no point"
 

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Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
THE DRUZE

The name Druze is derived from the name of Muhammad bin Ismail Nashtakin ad-Darazī (from Persian darzi, "seamster") who was an early preacher.
The Druze faith began as a movement in Ismailism that was heavily influenced by Greek philosophy and Gnosticism and opposed certain religious and philosophical ideologies that were present during that epoch. The faith was preached by Hamza ibn 'Alī ibn Ahmad, an Ismaili mystic and scholar. He came to Egypt in 1014 and assembled a group of scholars and leaders from across the world to establish the Unitarian movement. The order's meetings were held in the Raydan Mosque, near the Al-Hakim Mosque. In 1017, Hamza officially revealed the Druze faith and began to preach the Unitarian doctrine. Hamza gained the support of the Fātimid caliph al-Hakim, who issued a decree promoting religious freedom prior to the declaration of the divine call.

The Druze people reside primarily in Syria, Lebanon, Israel and Jordan. It was during the period of Crusader rule in Syria (1099–1291) that the Druze first emerged into the full light of history in the Gharb region of the Chouf Mountains. As powerful warriors serving the Muslim rulers of Damascus against the Crusades, the Druze were given the task of keeping watch over the crusaders in the seaport of Beirut, with the aim of preventing them from making any encroachments inland. Subsequently, the Druze chiefs of the Gharb placed their considerable military experience at the disposal of the Mamluk rulers of Egypt (1250–1516).
Druze Origins:

Travelers like Niebuhr, and scholars like Von Oppenheim, undoubtedly echoing the popular Druze belief regarding their own origin, have classified them as Arabs. The prevailing idea among the Druzes themselves today is that they are of Arab stock. The 1911 edition of Encyclopædia Britannica states that the Druzes are "a mixture of refugee stocks, in which the Arab largely predominates, grafted on to an original mountain population of Aramaic blood.
Genetics

In a 2005 study of ASPM gene variants, Mekel-Bobrov et al. found that the Israeli Druze people of the Carmel region have among the highest rate of the newly evolved ASPM-haplogroup "D", at 52.2% occurrence of the approximately 6,000-year-old allele. While it is not yet known exactly what selective advantage is provided by this gene variant, the haplogroup D allele is thought to be positively selected in populations and to confer some substantial advantage that has caused its frequency to rapidly increase.

One small DNA study has shown that Israeli Druze are remarkable for the high frequency (35%) of males who carry the Y-chromosomal haplogroup L (though some Afshar village and the Ar-Raqqah Syrians have even more), which is otherwise uncommon in the Mideast (Shen et al. 2004).[ This haplogroup originates from prehistoric South Asia and has spread from Pakistan into southern Iran. However, studies done on bigger samples showed that L-M20 averages 5% in Israeli Druze,[Footnote 1] 8% in Lebanese Druze,[Footnote 2] and it was not found in a sample of 59 Syrian Druze.
Cruciani in 2007 found E1b1b1a2 (E-V13) [a subclade of E1b1b1a (E-M78)] in high levels (>10% of the male population) in Turkish Cypriot and Druze Arab lineages. Recent genetic clustering analyses of ethnic groups are consistent with the close ancestral relationship between the Druze and Cypriots, and also identified similarity to the general Syrian and Lebanese populations, as well as a variety of Jewish groups (Ashkenazi, Sephardi, Iraqi, and Moroccan) (Behar et al. 2010).

Also, a new study concluded that the Druze harbor a remarkable diversity of mitochondrial DNA lineages that appear to have separated from each other thousands of years ago. But instead of dispersing throughout the world after their separation, the full range of lineages can still be found within the Druze population.

The researchers noted that the Druze villages contained a striking range of high frequency and high diversity of the X haplogroup, suggesting that this population provides a glimpse into the past genetic landscape of the Near East at a time when the X haplogroup was more prevalent.[108]

These findings are consistent with the Druze oral tradition, that claims that the adherents of the faith came from diverse ancestral lineages stretching back tens of thousands of years.

A 2008 study published on the genetic background of Druze communities in Israel showed highly heterogeneous parental origins. A total of 311 Israeli Druze were sampled: 37 from the Golan Heights, 183 from the Galilee, and 35 from Mount Carmel, as well as 27 Druze immigrants from Syria and 29 from Lebanon.

The researchers found the following frequencies of Y-chromosomal haplogroups:
Mount Carmel: L 27%, R 27%, J 18%, E 15%, G 12%.
Galilee: J 31%, R 20%, E 18%, G 14%, K 11%, Q 4%, L 2%.
Golan Heights: J 54%, E 29%, I 8%, G 4%, C 4%.
Lebanon: J 31%, E 22%, K 21%, R 14%, L 10%.
Syria: J 39%, E 29%, R 14%, G 14%, K 4%.

,

The Druze are not even a PEOPLE, They are a RELIGION!

This is just more nonsense from Albinos trying to fabricate a place for themselves in history.

And of course the Druze are merely the typical Turk/Turk Mulatto who call themselves Arabs.

The Druze







 

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Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 

quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
Mike has some info up here and his racist comment is:

"The Albino who did this study are full of sh1t.
Please read the data and see for yourselves. They compared Mota with LBK and the Druze, so here they are."

And the answer to that is "so what, you have no point"

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quote:

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
So you would say Brenna Henn is a racist?

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Originally posted by the lioness,:
^^^ Not of this diversion is relevant.

They found remains of a 4,500 year old Ethiopian

Modern day Ethiopians have similar DNA
- and addiitional DNA that the ancient Ethiopian does not

___________________________

Nobody here even is East African, call up Betty Boo

lamin is West African, if I am not mistaken but is comfortable with the issue. He says no African is pure anymore

So if the average Yoruba is 6-7% Eurasian, who cares the person is still very African,
is an African

Comparitively Mike is Native American with a small part Black European noble

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How do you know who is who? Your report stated that East African migrated to West Africa, anyway. Sudan was known as east and Western Sudan, before the intrutions of "europeans in Africa then trying to change the course of history up untill this very day.


See how your babbles make no sense at all. SMH


"So if the average Yoruba is 6-7% Eurasian, who cares the person is still very African,
is an African"

Care to explain how it got there and when. And perhaps even why?

White nobility? Guns, Germs, and Steel?

March of the Titans?

quote:

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Guns, Germs and Steel

First published in the United States by W.W.Norton and Company, on March 1 1997, Guns, Germs and Steel was initially subtitled ‘The Fates of Human Societies.’ Within a few months, this subtitle had evolved into ‘A Short History of Everybody for the Last 13,000 Years.’

Winner of the Pulitzer Prize for non-fiction, the Rhone Poulenc Science Book Prize, along with three other international literary prizes, Guns, Germs and Steel has been translated into 25 languages and has sold millions of copies around the world.


“Guns, Germs, and Steel is an artful, informative, and delightful book, full of surprises… there is nothing like a radically new angle of vision for bringing out unsuspected dimensions of a subject, and that is what Jared Diamond has done.” – William H. McNeill, The New York Review of Books

“Diamond has written a book of remarkable scope . . . one of the most important and readable works on the human past published in recent years."— Colin Renfrew, Nature

"The scope and explanatory power of this book are astounding."— The New Yorker

"Serious, groundbreaking biological studies of human history only seem to come along once every generation or so. . . . Now [Guns, Germs and Steel] must be added to their select number. . . . No finer work of its kind has been published this year, or for many past."— Martin Sieff, Washington Times

"An epochal work. Diamond has written a summary of human history that can be accounted, for the time being, as Darwinian in its authority."— Thomas M. Disch, The New Leader

"Guns, Germs and Steel lays a foundation for understanding human history, which makes it fascinating in its own right. Because it brilliantly describes how chance advantages can lead to early success in a highly competitive environment, it also offers useful lessons for the business world and for people interested in why technologies succeed."—Bill Gates

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
Mike has some info up here and his racist comment is:

"The Albino who did this study are full of sh1t.
Please read the data and see for yourselves. They compared Mota with LBK and the Druze, so here they are."

And the answer to that is "so what, you have no point"

---

The point is:

How could a sensible person make any of the conclusions of this study from the data they used?

The answer is that a sensible person could NOT.

But lying Albinos trying to make a history for DE-PIGMENTED humans like themselves WILL TRY!

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Ish Gebor:


Tiny europe is most pure, and untouched of the black African, even until recent recentory. Right? Mike and Clyde are always lying.

---

You are behind the times
Mike no longer believes blacks in America are mainly of black European descent.

Now Mike and Clyde think blacks in America are primarily Native American

I'm old school. Call me crazy but I still believe we are primarily African

Plus I have posted the recent article on African admixture in Europe plus I have at leat 4 threads on books about the African presence in Europe as well as a thread on Johannes Morus and other threads on other notable blacks in Europe.

So stop bullshytting and supporting jacakasses who say Charles V was black and fabricate ridiculous nonsense out of their arse and destroy all credibility on true Black studies

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Ish Gebor:

You'll still fight with tooth and nail evry black presence in Europe. Like all euronuts have done.

---

Now you're just lying.

Now I'm dealing with knew jerk reaction
 

---

Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
^Great find Ish Gebor, ya, this is what it's all about: Delusional Albinos trying to manufacture a history for themselves.





More from March of the Titans, or rather - Guns, Germs and Steel.


Overview
Based on Jared Diamond's Pulitzer Prize-winning book of the same name, Guns, Germs and Steel traces humanity's journey over the last 13,000 years – from the dawn of farming at the end of the last Ice Age to the realities of life in the twenty-first century.

Inspired by a question put to him on the island of Papua New Guinea more than thirty years ago, Diamond embarks on a world-wide quest to understand the roots of global inequality.

Why were Europeans the ones to conquer so much of our planet?

Why didn't the Chinese, or the Inca, become masters of the globe instead?
Why did cities first evolve in the Middle East?
Why did farming never emerge in Australia?
And why are the tropics now the capital of global poverty?

As he peeled back the layers of history to uncover fundamental, environmental factors shaping the destiny of humanity, Diamond found both his theories and his own endurance tested.

The three one-hour programs were filmed across four continents on High Definition digital video, and combinied ambitious dramatic reconstruction with moving documentary footage and computer animation. They also include contributions from Diamond himself and a wealth of international historians, archeologists and scientists.
Guns, Germs, and Steel is a thrilling ride through the elemental forces which have shaped our world – and which continue to shape our future.

HERE ARE THE VIDEOS

Guns, Germs, & Steel -- (Episode 1 - Out of Eden)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36BQW1SuHQ8


Guns, Germs, & Steel -- (Episode 2 - Conquest)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsKBFXe7biQ


Guns, Germs, & Steel -- (Episode 3 - Into the Tropics)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xPvd_HFZZE


.

Watch the videos and then compare what they say to what is on http://realhistoryww.com./

then you'll know why Albinos hate the site and try to Block it.
 

---

Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
^Did everyone take note that ancient middle-easterners, Egyptians and native Americans are all shown as the modern light skinned straight-haired Mulatto. Only the primitive people are Black.

Would someone with the ability to post screen captures please post these so that we can compare with the AUTHENTIC images of those people.
 

---

Posted by Brada-Anansi (Member # 16371) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Ish Gebor:

You'll still fight with tooth and nail evry black presence in Europe. Like all euronuts have done.

---

Now you're just lying.

Now I'm dealing with knew jerk reaction

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Ish Gebor:

You'll still fight with tooth and nail evry black presence in Europe. Like all euronuts have done.

---

Now you're just lying.

Now I'm dealing with knew jerk reaction

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
^Great find Ish Gebor, ya, this is what it's all about: Delusional Albinos trying to manufacture a history for themselves.





More from March of the Titans, or rather - Guns, Germs and Steel.


Overview
Based on Jared Diamond's Pulitzer Prize-winning book of the same name, Guns, Germs and Steel traces humanity's journey over the last 13,000 years – from the dawn of farming at the end of the last Ice Age to the realities of life in the twenty-first century.

Inspired by a question put to him on the island of Papua New Guinea more than thirty years ago, Diamond embarks on a world-wide quest to understand the roots of global inequality.

Why were Europeans the ones to conquer so much of our planet?

Why didn't the Chinese, or the Inca, become masters of the globe instead?
Why did cities first evolve in the Middle East?
Why did farming never emerge in Australia?
And why are the tropics now the capital of global poverty?

As he peeled back the layers of history to uncover fundamental, environmental factors shaping the destiny of humanity, Diamond found both his theories and his own endurance tested.

The three one-hour programs were filmed across four continents on High Definition digital video, and combinied ambitious dramatic reconstruction with moving documentary footage and computer animation. They also include contributions from Diamond himself and a wealth of international historians, archeologists and scientists.
Guns, Germs, and Steel is a thrilling ride through the elemental forces which have shaped our world – and which continue to shape our future.

HERE ARE THE VIDEOS

Guns, Germs, & Steel -- (Episode 1 - Out of Eden)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36BQW1SuHQ8


Guns, Germs, & Steel -- (Episode 2 - Conquest)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsKBFXe7biQ


Guns, Germs, & Steel -- (Episode 3 - Into the Tropics)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xPvd_HFZZE


.

Watch the videos and then compare what they say to what is on http://realhistoryww.com./

then you'll know why Albinos hate the site and try to Block it.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Brada-Anansi:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Ish Gebor:

You'll still fight with tooth and nail evry black presence in Europe. Like all euronuts have done.

---

Now you're just lying.

Now I'm dealing with knew jerk reaction

---

Ah you do have that thing about non Islamic Blacks in prominent positions in Europe.
Just keeping it real.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
^Great find Ish Gebor, ya, this is what it's all about: Delusional Albinos trying to manufacture a history for themselves.





More from March of the Titans, or rather - Guns, Germs and Steel.


Overview
Based on Jared Diamond's Pulitzer Prize-winning book of the same name, Guns, Germs and Steel traces humanity's journey over the last 13,000 years – from the dawn of farming at the end of the last Ice Age to the realities of life in the twenty-first century.

Inspired by a question put to him on the island of Papua New Guinea more than thirty years ago, Diamond embarks on a world-wide quest to understand the roots of global inequality.

Why were Europeans the ones to conquer so much of our planet?

Why didn't the Chinese, or the Inca, become masters of the globe instead?
Why did cities first evolve in the Middle East?
Why did farming never emerge in Australia?
And why are the tropics now the capital of global poverty?

As he peeled back the layers of history to uncover fundamental, environmental factors shaping the destiny of humanity, Diamond found both his theories and his own endurance tested.

The three one-hour programs were filmed across four continents on High Definition digital video, and combinied ambitious dramatic reconstruction with moving documentary footage and computer animation. They also include contributions from Diamond himself and a wealth of international historians, archeologists and scientists.
Guns, Germs, and Steel is a thrilling ride through the elemental forces which have shaped our world – and which continue to shape our future.

HERE ARE THE VIDEOS

Guns, Germs, & Steel -- (Episode 1 - Out of Eden)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36BQW1SuHQ8


Guns, Germs, & Steel -- (Episode 2 - Conquest)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsKBFXe7biQ


Guns, Germs, & Steel -- (Episode 3 - Into the Tropics)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xPvd_HFZZE


.

Watch the videos and then compare what they say to what is on http://realhistoryww.com./

then you'll know why Albinos hate the site and try to Block it.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
^Great find Ish Gebor, ya, this is what it's all about: Delusional Albinos trying to manufacture a history for themselves.





More from March of the Titans, or rather - Guns, Germs and Steel.


Overview
Based on Jared Diamond's Pulitzer Prize-winning book of the same name, Guns, Germs and Steel traces humanity's journey over the last 13,000 years – from the dawn of farming at the end of the last Ice Age to the realities of life in the twenty-first century.

Inspired by a question put to him on the island of Papua New Guinea more than thirty years ago, Diamond embarks on a world-wide quest to understand the roots of global inequality.

Why were Europeans the ones to conquer so much of our planet?

Why didn't the Chinese, or the Inca, become masters of the globe instead?
Why did cities first evolve in the Middle East?
Why did farming never emerge in Australia?
And why are the tropics now the capital of global poverty?

As he peeled back the layers of history to uncover fundamental, environmental factors shaping the destiny of humanity, Diamond found both his theories and his own endurance tested.

The three one-hour programs were filmed across four continents on High Definition digital video, and combinied ambitious dramatic reconstruction with moving documentary footage and computer animation. They also include contributions from Diamond himself and a wealth of international historians, archeologists and scientists.
Guns, Germs, and Steel is a thrilling ride through the elemental forces which have shaped our world – and which continue to shape our future.

HERE ARE THE VIDEOS

Guns, Germs, & Steel -- (Episode 1 - Out of Eden)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=36BQW1SuHQ8


Guns, Germs, & Steel -- (Episode 2 - Conquest)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UsKBFXe7biQ


Guns, Germs, & Steel -- (Episode 3 - Into the Tropics)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9xPvd_HFZZE


.

Watch the videos and then compare what they say to what is on http://realhistoryww.com./

then you'll know why Albinos hate the site and try to Block it.

---

Likening Guns, Germs and Steel to March of the Titans shows dumbness


Having not read the book you don't know what you're talking about

In fact Guns, Germs and Steel goes against March of the Titans.

Guns, Germs and Steel attributes white advantage to a number of 'lucky' circumstances pertaining to environmental situations rather than March of the Titans which argues biological superiority of Europeans

The thing more similar to March of the Titans is the website realhistoryww.com which also argues racial superiority

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
You post things which you don't understand that's the problem.

Tell us why the book "Guns, Germs and Steel"
is white supremacist That is ridiculous.

Explain why the book or documentary is white supremacist otherwise you are full of crap

Since you have posted this and made the claim that it's racist you should not have to go and look up more about it and be able to tell us why rather than more copy and paste pretend comprehension

If you are lucky zarahan or someone else who can write their own argument will save you

---

quote:

---

Guns, Germs, and Steel seek to answer the biggest question of post-Ice-Age human history: why Eurasian peoples, rather than peoples of other continents, became the ones to develop the ingredients of power (guns, germs, and steel) and to expand around the world. An extraterrestrial being visiting the Earth 14,000 years ago could have been forgiven for failing to predict this outcome, because the human populations of other continents apparently also possessed advantages. Africans enjoyed a huge head start, because Africa is the continent with by far the longest history of human occupation. North America is a big fertile continent, with the result that it supports the richest and most productive nation today. Australia provides by far the earliest evidence for human ability to cross wide water gaps, and some of the earliest widespread evidence for behaviorally modern humans. Why, nevertheless, were Eurasians the ones to expand?


Although every lay person sees that this is a question crying out for answer, historians have mostly ignored this question. Several reasons explain their neglect. One reason is that the answer clearly lies in the pre-literate past, because by 3400 BC Eurasians (and North Africans, biogeographically and politically part of Eurasia rather than of sub-Saharan Africa) had already had metal tools for thousands of years and were starting to develop writing and empires, thousands of years before any of those things would appear on any other continent. But most historians consider history to begin with the origins of writing, and consider the pre-literate past as lying outside the scope of their discipline and instead to be left to archaeologists. Also, as we shall see, the answers to this question involve details of subjects (especially plant and animal biology and microbiology) in which history graduate students receive no training. But lay people still want an answer to this obvious question. As a result of the failure of historians to supply an answer, lay people often fall back on the transparent interpretation of supposed racial superiority of Eurasian people themselves, despite the lack of evidence for that interpretation.


THE ANSWER

My own interest in this question became rekindled by my experiences in New Guinea over the last 50 years. When I arrived in New Guinea for the first time, it became clear to me almost immediately that New Guineans are curious, questioning, talkative people with complex languages and social relationships, on the average at least as intelligent as Europeans and Americans. In New Guinea I’m the dope who can’t do elementary things like follow an unmarked trail or light a fire in the rain. My New Guinea friends are patient with my shortcomings and don’t expect much of me when it comes to the everyday challenges of New Guinea life. Why did I nevertheless come to New Guinea as a representative of the “advanced” colonizing society possessing steel tools and writing, when my New Guinea friends traditionally had only stone tools and no writing, 46,000 years after their ancestors had reached New Guinea? Eventually, a New Guinean named Yali, in the course of a long conversation with me about birds and volcanoes and my work and other things, asked me the question directly: “Why is it that you white people developed so much cargo [i.e., steel tools and other products of civilization] and brought it to New Guinea, but we black people had little cargo of our own?” Despite the obviousness of Yali’s question, I didn’t know how to answer him. It took me 25 years until I was ready to offer an answer, in Guns, Germs, and Steel.

The answer depends on a synthesis of four bodies of information, in the fields of social science, botany, zoology, and microbiology, applied to findings of archaeology, linguistics, and human genetics. Many social scientists have studied the development of complex societies around the world, and the emergence of technology, writing, centralized government, economic specialization, and social stratification. The conclusion of social scientists is that all of these developments required sedentary populous societies producing storable food surpluses capable of feeding not only the food producers themselves, but also capable of feeding full-time political leaders, merchants, scribes, and technology specialists.

Until 11,000 years ago, all people everywhere on Earth were hunter/gatherers, living at modest population densities because the hunter/gatherer lifestyle yields only modest food quantities and little or no storable food surpluses. (Some hunter/gatherers in especially productive environments became semi-sedentary and developed chiefs, but no hunter/gatherers went as far as developing kings, metal tools, or writing).

Beginning 11,000 years ago, it was the rise of food production (agriculture and herding), yielding 100 to 1,000 times more food per acre than the hunter/gatherer lifestyle, that fueled the rise of sedentary populous societies with storable food surpluses and all of their consequences. That’s the first step in answering Yali’s question.

One might still wonder: if food production had arisen simultaneously all around the world, then peoples everywhere would have developed complex societies simultaneously, and the subsequent world dominance of Eurasian societies would remain unexplained. Here, the bodies of information in the fields of botany and zoology become relevant. Food production didn’t arise simultaneously around the world: in most of the world it never arose independently at all; it did arise independently in just nine small regions, from which it diffused to other regions; and, among those nine regions, it arose more than 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent and possibly in China, but only as recently as 2500 BC in the eastern United States. The value of the domesticated plants and animals also varied among regions: the most numerous and productive suites of domesticated species arose in the Fertile Crescent, followed by China, Mexico, and the Andes, while the least numerous and least productive suites arose in the eastern U.S., New Guinea, and Ethiopia.

[...]


The spread of food production from those nine centers of origin followed a striking geographic pattern: rapid spread along east/west axes (such as the axis of Eurasia), slower spread along north/south axes (such as those of the Americas and of Africa). That’s because crop and livestock species, and people using technologies and social behaviors associated with those species, can spread more rapidly at the same latitude, where they always encounter constant day length and seasonality and similar diseases, than across bands of latitude, where they must adapt to different day lengths and seasonality and diseases. My listeners and readers find this pattern as fascinating as did I: after I give a lecture on Guns, Germs, and Steel, I can often recognize those people nearby who have just come out of my lecture, because they are tracing horizontal and vertical lines in the air as they talk to each other.

Thus, one can explain as follows the reasons why the people who spread around the world were Eurasians, not Aboriginal Australians or Native Americans or sub-Saharan Africans. The reasons had nothing to do with differences in the peoples themselves. Instead, the reasons were continental differences in the available wild plant and animal species suitable for domestication, resulting in earlier domestication of a more productive suite of domesticates in Eurasia, plus Eurasia’s east/west axis that facilitated the spread of those domesticates throughout Eurasia. That long sentence is what I answer when journalists ask me to summarize my 518-page book and 25 years of research in just one sentence for their busy readers. That sentence also explains why Guns, Germs, and Steel, a book about the biggest pattern of human history, contains seven chapters about plant and animal domestication, plus four chapters about domestication’s consequences, but only five chapters about history itself; and why Guns, Germs, and Steel wasn’t written by a historian, but by a biogeographer.


Origins of food production. A recent series of excellent papers on plant and animal domestication was published in the Journal of Anthropological Research (volume 68, no. 2, 2012). This series includes evidence that the Indian subcontinent should be considered an additional minor center of independent agricultural origins. Other updates are my article “Evolution, consequences and the future of plant and animal domestication” (Nature 418: 34-41 (2002)) and Peter Bellwood’s book First Farmers: the Origins of Agricultural Societies (Oxford: Blackwell, 2005).

[...]

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
If you are lucky zarahan or someone else who can write their own argument will save you

---

As soon as people write their own argument, you ask for evidence. Typical retarded argument, as usually.

What we see in "studies" is based on an expalnation, due to why in certain part of the world development took place, this can be denoted to whatever cultural expression.

The explanation given is "BACK MIGRATION BY EURASIANS". Eurasians is a replacement word for caucasoids. But in hardcore racist circles they make no fuss out of it, and openly say how they feel about it. Here is where march of the titans and such comes in to play.

But I am not going to spand my time, writing long pages, so you can gloss over it, then ignore it. Which is a typical white supremacy act.

As I said before, you are not the first euronut I encountered. I know how you floks feel.


http://www.arthurhu.com/99/04/diamond.txt
 

---

Posted by Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 
Arthur Kemp is a British writer and the owner of Ostara Publications[1] who was from 2009 to 2011 the foreign affairs spokesperson for the British National Party before resigning from that party. He was born in Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) and worked as a journalist in South Africa before moving to the United Kingdom.


March of the Titans: a history of the White Race (1999, reprinted and expanded 2000, 2001, 2002, 2004, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2011) ; reprinted in two volumes in 2013 as March of the Titans: The Complete History of the White Race: Volume I: The Rise of Europe ; and March of the Titans: The Complete History of the White Race: Volume II: Europe and the World.
 

---

Posted by Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
^Did everyone take note that ancient middle-easterners, Egyptians and native Americans are all shown as the modern light skinned straight-haired Mulatto. Only the primitive people are Black.

Would someone with the ability to post screen captures please post these so that we can compare with the AUTHENTIC images of those people.

---

quote:

---

THE BIOLOGY OF HISTORY

Understanding Human History

An Analysis Including Effects of Geography and Differential Evolution By Michael H. Hart

Augusta, Ga.: Washington Summit Publishers, 2007

Reviewed by Nelson Rosit

A quarter century ago the great Annaliste Fernand Braudel wrote: “To explain how the West extended its power over the rest of the world between the fifteenth and nineteenth centuries is the essential problem of the history of the modern world.”1 In Understanding Human History (UHH), Michael Hart proposes a bold evolutionary theory that not only resolves Braudel’s “problem,” but offers an explanation for a myriad of other historical and contemporary issues.

Michael H. Hart was born in 1932 to a Jewish family in New York. He received a Ph.D. in astronomy from Princeton University and pur- sued a career as a teacher and researcher in the physical sciences. To- day he is probably best known as a historian and social commentator.2 In his latest book he interprets world history through the lens of genes and environment. These modes of inquiry are often closely related be- cause over time selective pressures from the environment steer evolution.

Hart goes directly to his argument on page one by criticizing past world histories for failing adequately to address causation (though he does not use that term). Historians know, for example, that scientific and technological advances produce wealth and power for those socie- ties that create or embrace them. These advances are the products of human intelligence. While the benefits of science and technology seem manifest, only some cultures have been able to utilize them because

1 Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, vol. I, The Wheels of Commerce (New York: Harper & Row, 1981), 134.

2 Hart’s The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History (New York: Hart Publishing, 1978) was widely read and suggests that great men were the most important agents of history. His 1996 presentation at the American Renaissance conference advocated a racial partition of the United States.


The Occidental Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 4, Winter 2007–2008
only some groups have the intelligence to do so. Hart’s basic thesis is that these differences in average intelligence are a major, yet over- looked, factor in history.


Average group intelligence is not randomly distributed. Group dif- ferences are the result of adaptations to different environments. “[G]roups that resided for many millennia in regions with cold win- ters gradually—through the process of natural selection—evolved higher average intelligence than groups living in milder climates” (UHH, p. 2). While he writes of group differences Hart does not shy away from using the term race. In fact he devotes several chapters to establishing the reality of race and racial differences in appearance, intelligence, and behavior. This book is about historical agency. It does not address the policy implications that may arise from these lessons from history.

In his introduction the author poses eight major, yet specific, historical questions. One question is: Why, after tens of thousands of years as hunter-gathers, did three groups of Homo sapiens independently develop agriculture within a few thousand years of each other?


This question will be considered below Hart’s work appears to be both seminal and synthetic. His writing is informed by the research of Richard Herrnstein and Charles Murray, J. Philippe Rushton, and Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen, among others.3 But the author whose presence looms largest in Under- standing Human History is probably Jared Diamond. In fact, Hart’s book can be viewed as an answer to Diamond’s strict environmental interpretation of world history articulated in Guns, Germs, and Steel. (4) It (3) Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray, The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life (New York: The Free Press, 1994), provides evidence of the importance of intelligence in determining an individual’s socio-economic success. J. Philippe Rushton, Race, Evolution, and Behavior: A Life History Perspective (New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 1995), discusses racial differences in intelli- gence and behavior. Richard Lynn and Tatu Vanhanen, IQ and the Wealth of Nations (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2002), documents the correlation between economic development and average group intelligence. Arthur Jensen, Edward O Wilson, and L. L. Cavavalli-Sforza also contribute to Hart’s understanding. Readers may also suspect the influence of British anthropologist Arthur Keith (Chapter 6, “Bands, and the Dual Code of Morality”) though Hart does not acknowledge Keith and may not be aware of his contributions.

(4) Jared Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fate of Human Societies (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1997).

Rosit, “The Biology of History” may surprise some that Hart accepts many of Diamond’s environmental theories. Hart, however, radically departs from the rigid egalitarianism of Diamond that concedes only a slight cognitive advantage to New Guinea tribesmen.

(5) Professor Hart uses his broad knowledge to incorporate evolutionary biology, archaeology, anthropology, linguistics, and geography into his study of history. He correctly believes that one must understand human prehistory to understand human history. About a third of the book deals with prehistory.6 To simplify Hart’s theory we can say that the environment of the African savannah, the birthplace of man, has produced a Homo sapiens with an average IQ of approximately 70; the middle latitudes of, say, Mesoamerica and North Af- rica, produced an average IQ of 85–90, while the northern latitudes of Europe and Asia produced an average IQ of 100.

So why did agriculture, and thus civilization, originate in Anatolia, the Levant, and Mesopotamia and not with the higher IQ peoples to the north? Endorsing Diamond’s work, Hart believes the natural environment is an important agent of human history. The Neolithic Revolution began 10,000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent because that region had a favorable climate and native flora and fauna most conducive to domestication. But even in a favorable natural environment it takes an average group IQ of 85–90 to originate farming. This is why the agricultural revolution occurred circa 8,000 BCE and not 48,000 BCE. At the earlier date no group of humans had sufficient intelligence to conceive of domestication of plants and animals.

7 Hart’s theory of history takes into account both environmental and genetic explanations, turning the nature versus nurture debate into a false dichotomy. He does not discount culture as an explanatory factor 5 Diamond writes that he finds racism “loathsome,” then goes on to state that he believes New Guineans are “on the average more intelligent” than Europeans and Americans (Guns, Germs, and Steel, 20).

6 Traditional historiography was based almost entirely on written texts, thus history was thought to begin with the invention of writing. Today historians use many non-textual sources: material artifacts such as artistic creations and architectural monuments, audio/visuals, even manmade landscapes to study the past. This has helped to blur the distinction between prehistory and history and historiography and archaeology.

7 Hart sees agriculture based on rice developing independently in China about 9,000 years ago. In Mesoamerica farming based on maize began about 6,000 years ago.

The Occidental Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 4, Winter 2007–2008
either, but he characterizes it as generally “of lesser importance,” (UHH, p. 171). Cultural change, for example, was a major reason for the decline and fall of the Roman Empire. Hart’s objective is to add innate group intelligence to environmental and cultural factors as a causal agent of history. The charge of determinism is hard to make against Hart, whereas Diamond, whose theory of world history rests almost entirely on the effects of geography and the natural environment, leaves himself open for such criticism.

Addressing Braudel’s historical problem of European ascendancy, Hart notes that (except for his own Ashkenazi Jews) North Asians and Europeans are the two most intelligent peoples on earth. In early modern times China had a huge empire densely populated by people of relatively high average intelligence. Yet, beginning in the fifteenth century, Europeans came to dominate the world for half a millennium. Why did the East fall so far behind Europe?

Hart offers two explanations.

One is geographic and environmental. Instead of Europe’s islands and peninsulas and maritime tradition, China is a solid continental land mass more economically self-sufficient, more politically and cul- turally united than Europe. Europe’s divisions led to competition and conflict, but also progress (UHH, p. 332).

The second factor was that while North Asians may have a slightly higher average intelligence they lack the genius of Europeans: “There were no Chinese equivalents to Copernicus or Newton. Nor were there any Chinese parallels to Bach, Mozart, or Beethoven; not to Michelangelo or Leonardo da Vinci; nor to Columbus or Magellan” (UHH, p. 266). The implication is that average group intelligence, or general intelligence, as measured by IQ tests, can not account for all individual or collective success. Societies need a few extraordinary individuals, iconoclastic geniuses, who propel progress. For the vast majority, intelligence needs to be coupled with a sense of social order and self discipline for societies to prosper.

88 According to Herrnstein and Murray even when controlling for IQ American Whites tend to lead more ordered lives then American Blacks. They are less likely to be incarcerated and less likely to produce illegitimate children. The authors conclude that the extent that these differences in behavior are genetic or cultural is not known (The Bell Curve, Chapter 14, “Ethnic Inequalities in Relation to IQ,” 317–40). Hart, on the other hand, makes an explicit case for innate racial differences in behav- ior as well as intelligence. See UHH, Chapter 18, “Behavior Differences Between the

Rosit, “The Biology of History”

While North Asians may lack the individual genius of Europeans, they have been great conquerors and rulers. Hart’s research finds the origins of the Ottoman, Mughal, and Manchu dynasties within this racial group. The common thread uniting these empires was a found- ing population of Altaics, a northern Mongolian people. Cold selected for intelligence, the ancient Altaics were composed of three main branches: the Turkic in the west, the Munchu/Tungus in the east, and the Mongols in the center. For over a thousand years these people sal- lied north, south, east, and west to conquer.

According to Hart, Altaics constituted the original ethnic core of the Huns (maybe), Bulgars, and Seljuk and Ottoman Turks. Genghis and Kublai Khan were Mongol/Altaic. Tamerlane was of Turkic/Al- taic descent. “Babar (1483–1530) who was a descendant of both Tamerlane (on his father’s side) and Genghis Khan (on his mother’s side)” established the Mughal Empire that eventually included most of India.9 The Tunusic Manchus originated in Manchuria and con- quered China in the seventeenth century. Over the centuries Altaic rulers largely assimilated ethnically and culturally with their subject peoples.

The idea of Altaic peoples creating mighty empires from east- central Europe to the Yellow Sea and from Siberia to the Arabian Sea is interesting. I do not believe the Altaic hypothesis originated with Hart, but he does not attribute it to anyone else. Unfortunately, there are only six endnotes in Chapter 39, “Northern Asia.” None of the notes pertain to the Altaics, so the reader cannot check the author’s sources. A lack of citations is one of several deficiencies in Understand- ing Human History.

As erudite and intelligent as Hart is he lacks formal training in his- toriography and geography, and it sometimes shows in his writing. A couple of examples will suffice to make this point. Writing about World War I, Hart claims, “the defensive power of machine guns had been demonstrated fifty years earlier, during the American Civil War.” While a machine gun prototype, the Gatling gun, existed at the time of the Civil War, this early version was not a factor in that con- flict.10 Another example is Hart’s use of political units as geographic
Races,” 126–32.

9 The modern Bulgarians are a south Slavic people. The Turks, originally a Mon- gol group, “became a Mongoloid-Caucasoid hybrid” people (UHH, 292–93, 296).

10 The source Hart cites for his statement on the use of machine gun during the

The Occidental Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 4, Winter 2007–2008
terms. Thus, “[m]aize was introduced into the eastern USA” about 1,000 AD (UHH, p. 428). Of course eastern North America existed at the beginning of the first millennium CE; the United States did not. Some readers may consider such mistakes as minor, but they under- mine the book’s credibility. Because he is challenging orthodoxy, Hart needs all the accurate citations, authoritative sources, and correct terminology he can muster.


Another criticism that can be made of Understanding Human History is a lack of focus. Parts of the book read like the review notes for a World Civilizations 101 course. Hart tries to encompass the entire his- tory of the world to sustain his thesis, yet much of the information does not directly support his theories. For instance, the relevance of the Union of Kalmar (p. 322) to Hart’s general thesis is not clear. A more tightly structured, closely argued, and carefully documented book would have been more effective.

Hart has something important to say. He has been able to stretch the theory of evolution to encompass both natural history and human history. He writes what is called Big History. He works with bold theoretical strokes. This is both a strength and a weakness of the book. Big Histories are often more interesting than narrowly focused and meticulously documented monographs. They also involve much speculation. Ideally, a mega-history is the product of a senior scholar who has spent his career writing those monographs that serve as the building blocks for his magnum opus.

Thus despite some weaknesses, Hart’s book makes several valid and very important points. Historiography often neglects causality. Traditional cultural explanations for a civilization’s success or failure beg the question: How did cultural success or failure arise? Do certain societies, by chance, win the cultural lottery by hitting upon the right combination of values and institutions?

No doubt one reason for the acclaim accorded Diamond’s two most recent books is that they deal with the issue of agency and give plau- sible, though flawed, explanations for how world history unfolded as
Civil War was Barbara W. Tuchman, The Guns of August (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1962). No page number is given.

A journalist turned writer of popular histories, Tuchman’s work would certainly not be considered the best source to document such a claim. In her defense, however, this reviewer could find no men- tion in her book of machine gun use during the American Civil War.

Rosit, “The Biology of History” it did.11 Diamond states that he wrote Guns, Germs and Steel specifically to thwart biological arguments such as those raised by Hart. Diamond has egalitarianism, the ideological orthodoxy of our age, on his side. Yet, the idea that human genetic variation has broad application to the study of human history refuses to die.

Hart’s book is directed, at least in part, at changing historiography, the way history is researched and written. On the back cover of the paperback edition of Understanding Human History, Henry Harpend- ing, a professor of anthropology at the University of Utah, states: “[Hart’s] arguments are compelling, and no honest historian or social scientist will be able to ignore them.”

Unfortunately, in the short term I think Hart’s book will be largely ignored by both academic and popular historians. If I were a Cynic like Diogenes, I might say that there simply are no honest historians today, or perhaps the problem is a lack of courage. We have already touched upon the reasons why historians will ignore this book: Hart is not “one of them,” an academic historian, and certain shortcomings in form and content will be used to dismiss his work. The main reason the book will be neglected is, of course, the taboo against the study of racial differences. To violate this taboo is a career ender. Just ask James Watson. Do not look for reviews of Understanding Human His- tory in the Journal of American History or the American Historical Review, in the New York Times or the Washington Post.

The prospect of Hart having an immediate influence on the field of history is slight. Only revolutionary changes, not just within the disci- pline of history, but within society as a whole, would lead to wide ac- ceptance of Hart’s work. There are, perhaps, some reasons to believe that in the future Understanding Human History could be seen as a for- mative work, a bit rough, but a useful prototype for incorporating human evolutionary biology and psychology into historiography.
The influence of the most radical of the so called postmodernists and deconstructionists (i.e., subjective, antiscientific leftists) has waned over the past decade. Meanwhile, as our knowledge of human genetics increases, it is likely that recognition of race-based differences in average intelligence and behavior will also increase. These factors, along with the long-term trend toward an interdisciplinary approach.

11 Jared Diamond’s most recent book, another global environmental history, is Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed (New York: Viking Penguin, 2005).

The Occidental Quarterly, vol. 7, no. 4, Winter 2007–2008
to historiography, will lead to greater influence for the social and natural sciences in the study of history. If these forces converge with a greater sense of racial/cultural identity among Western scholars, then Hart’s book will be seen as a significant contribution to understanding human history.

Nelson Rosit holds a doctorate in history and is a frequent contributor to The Occidental Quarterly. He writes from the upper Midwest.

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quote:

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Slavery and the Making of America . The Slave Experience: Education, Arts, & Culture | PBS

Acts against the education of slaves South Carolina, 1740
and Virginia, 1819


Cited in William Goodell. THE AMERICAN SLAVE CODE IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. pt 2. (New York: American & Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 1853). DINSMORE DOCUMENTATION, CLASSICS ON AMERICAN SLAVERY.

http://www.dinsdoc.com/goodell-1-2-6.htm


Document Description Fearing that black literacy would prove a threat to the slave system -- which relied on slaves' dependence on masters -- whites in many colonies instituted laws forbidding slaves to learn to read or write and making it a crime for others to teach them.

Transcript Excerpt from South Carolina Act of 1740

Whereas, the having slaves taught to write, or suffering them to be employed in writing, may be attended with great inconveniences; Be it enacted, that all and every person and persons whatsoever, who shall hereafter teach or cause any slave or slaves to be taught to write, or shall use or employ any slave as a scribe, in any manner of writing whatsoever, hereafter taught to write, every such person or persons shall, for every such offense, forfeit the sum of one hundred pounds, current money.

Excerpt from Virginia Revised Code of 1819

That all meetings or assemblages of slaves, or free negroes or mulattoes mixing and associating with such slaves at any meeting-house or houses, &c., in the night; or at any SCHOOL OR SCHOOLS for teaching them READING OR WRITING, either in the day or night, under whatsoever pretext, shall be deemed and considered an UNLAWFUL ASSEMBLY; and any justice of a county, &c., wherein such assemblage shall be, either from his own knowledge or the information of others, of such unlawful assemblage, &c., may issue his warrant, directed to any sworn officer or officers, authorizing him or them to enter the house or houses where such unlawful assemblages, &c., may be, for the purpose of apprehending or dispersing such slaves, and to inflict corporal punishment on the offender or offenders, at the discretion of any justice of the peace, not exceeding twenty lashes.

---

quote:

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Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Brown v. Board of Education (1954), now acknowledged as one of the greatest Supreme Court decisions of the 20th century, unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Although the decision did not succeed in fully desegregating public education in the United States, it put the Constitution on the side of racial equality and galvanized the nascent civil rights movement into a full revolution.

In 1954, large portions of the United States had racially segregated schools, made legal by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), which held that segregated public facilities were constitutional so long as the black and white facilities were equal to each other. However, by the mid-twentieth century, civil rights groups set up legal and political, challenges to racial segregation. In the early 1950s, NAACP lawyers brought class action lawsuits on behalf of black schoolchildren and their families in Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware, seeking court orders to compel school districts to let black students attend white public schools.

One of these class actions, Brown v. Board of Education was filed against the Topeka, Kansas school board by representative-plaintiff Oliver Brown, parent of one of the children denied access to Topeka's white schools. Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. The federal district court dismissed his claim, ruling that the segregated public schools were "substantially" equal enough to be constitutional under the Plessy doctrine. Brown appealed to the Supreme Court, which consolidated and then reviewed all the school segregation actions together. Thurgood Marshall, who would in 1967 be appointed the first black justice of the Court, was chief counsel for the plaintiffs.

Thanks to the astute leadership of Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court spoke in a unanimous decision written by Warren himself. The decision held that racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which states that "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." The Court noted that Congress, when drafting the Fourteenth Amendment in the 1860s, did not expressly intend to require integration of public schools.

On the other hand, that Amendment did not prohibit integration. In any case, the Court asserted that the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal education today. Public education in the 20th century, said the Court, had become an essential component of a citizen's public life, forming the basis of democratic citizenship, normal socialization, and professional training. In this context, any child denied a good education would be unlikely to succeed in life. Where a state, therefore, has undertaken to provide universal education, such education becomes a right that must be afforded equally to both blacks and whites.

Were the black and white schools "substantially" equal to each other, as the lower courts had found? After reviewing psychological studies showing black girls in segregated schools had low racial self-esteem, the Court concluded that separating children on the basis of race creates dangerous inferiority complexes that may adversely affect black children's ability to learn. The Court concluded that, even if the tangible facilities were equal between the black and white schools, racial segregation in schools is "inherently unequal" and is thus always unconstitutional. At least in the context of public schools, Plessy v. Ferguson was overruled. In the Brown II case a decided year later, the Court ordered the states to integrate their schools "with all deliberate speed."

Opposition to Brown I and II reached an apex in Cooper v. Aaron (1958), when the Court ruled that states were constitutionally required to implement the Supreme Court's integration orders. Widespread racial integration of the South was achieved by the late 1960s and 1970s. In the meantime, the equal protection ruling in Brown spilled over into other areas of the law and into the political arena as well. Scholars now point out that Brown v. Board was not the beginning of the modern civil rights movement, but there is no doubt that it constituted a watershed moment in the struggle for racial equality in America.

---

quote:

---

After the civil war many African-Americans settled in Oklahoma because of employment opportunities from the oil fields. Around 1908 the community of Greenwood in Tulsa, Oklahoma was established. The Daily Tulsa Star was an African-American owned newspaper. Businesses owned by African-Americans flourished. Their communities were the best. Their schools were excellent. Greenwood was coined the Black Wall Street. However, because of jealousy, deceit, and discrimination, Greenwood was burned to the ground by white racists on June 1,1921.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
If you are lucky zarahan or someone else who can write their own argument will save you

---

Do you also tell this to Clyde Winters?
 

---

Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Ish Gebor:


Tiny europe is most pure, and untouched of the black African, even until recent recentory. Right? Mike and Clyde are always lying.

---

You are behind the times
Mike no longer believes blacks in America are mainly of black European descent.

Now Mike and Clyde think blacks in America are primarily Native American

I'm old school. Call me crazy but I still believe we are primarily African

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Ish Gebor:


Jared Diamond may or may not have intended his book in a certain way, but it is certainly used to promote white surprimacy, to explain civilization and the speard of their people. How also could it have gotten there?

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Ish Gebor:
It always struck my as ironic, why a people who were supposedly "intellectually inferior" were forbidden to read and write. However the white racist mind has never let go of this supposed obsession. So as slavery was abolished, they responded with Brown vs The Board. When Brown vs the Board was abolished they implemented educational disadvantages by taking away/ reducing school funding and slowly implementing outdated textbooks. All this was done on a political level. Meaning by "educated folks". Mid 80's early 90's they started to reenforce their position in this by publishing books on intellectual inferiority of the blacks/ niggers. They then slowly started to attack black scholars on their intellectuality, mostly when they had passed away.

quote:

---

Slavery and the Making of America . The Slave Experience: Education, Arts, & Culture | PBS

Acts against the education of slaves South Carolina, 1740
and Virginia, 1819


Cited in William Goodell. THE AMERICAN SLAVE CODE IN THEORY AND PRACTICE. pt 2. (New York: American & Foreign Anti-Slavery Society, 1853). DINSMORE DOCUMENTATION, CLASSICS ON AMERICAN SLAVERY.

http://www.dinsdoc.com/goodell-1-2-6.htm


Document Description Fearing that black literacy would prove a threat to the slave system -- which relied on slaves' dependence on masters -- whites in many colonies instituted laws forbidding slaves to learn to read or write and making it a crime for others to teach them.

Transcript Excerpt from South Carolina Act of 1740

Whereas, the having slaves taught to write, or suffering them to be employed in writing, may be attended with great inconveniences; Be it enacted, that all and every person and persons whatsoever, who shall hereafter teach or cause any slave or slaves to be taught to write, or shall use or employ any slave as a scribe, in any manner of writing whatsoever, hereafter taught to write, every such person or persons shall, for every such offense, forfeit the sum of one hundred pounds, current money.

Excerpt from Virginia Revised Code of 1819

That all meetings or assemblages of slaves, or free negroes or mulattoes mixing and associating with such slaves at any meeting-house or houses, &c., in the night; or at any SCHOOL OR SCHOOLS for teaching them READING OR WRITING, either in the day or night, under whatsoever pretext, shall be deemed and considered an UNLAWFUL ASSEMBLY; and any justice of a county, &c., wherein such assemblage shall be, either from his own knowledge or the information of others, of such unlawful assemblage, &c., may issue his warrant, directed to any sworn officer or officers, authorizing him or them to enter the house or houses where such unlawful assemblages, &c., may be, for the purpose of apprehending or dispersing such slaves, and to inflict corporal punishment on the offender or offenders, at the discretion of any justice of the peace, not exceeding twenty lashes.

---

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/slavery/experience/education/docs1.html

quote:

---

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
Brown v. Board of Education (1954), now acknowledged as one of the greatest Supreme Court decisions of the 20th century, unanimously held that the racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Although the decision did not succeed in fully desegregating public education in the United States, it put the Constitution on the side of racial equality and galvanized the nascent civil rights movement into a full revolution.

In 1954, large portions of the United States had racially segregated schools, made legal by Plessy v. Ferguson (1896), which held that segregated public facilities were constitutional so long as the black and white facilities were equal to each other. However, by the mid-twentieth century, civil rights groups set up legal and political, challenges to racial segregation. In the early 1950s, NAACP lawyers brought class action lawsuits on behalf of black schoolchildren and their families in Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, and Delaware, seeking court orders to compel school districts to let black students attend white public schools.

One of these class actions, Brown v. Board of Education was filed against the Topeka, Kansas school board by representative-plaintiff Oliver Brown, parent of one of the children denied access to Topeka's white schools. Brown claimed that Topeka's racial segregation violated the Constitution's Equal Protection Clause because the city's black and white schools were not equal to each other and never could be. The federal district court dismissed his claim, ruling that the segregated public schools were "substantially" equal enough to be constitutional under the Plessy doctrine. Brown appealed to the Supreme Court, which consolidated and then reviewed all the school segregation actions together. Thurgood Marshall, who would in 1967 be appointed the first black justice of the Court, was chief counsel for the plaintiffs.

Thanks to the astute leadership of Chief Justice Earl Warren, the Court spoke in a unanimous decision written by Warren himself. The decision held that racial segregation of children in public schools violated the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, which states that "no state shall make or enforce any law which shall ... deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." The Court noted that Congress, when drafting the Fourteenth Amendment in the 1860s, did not expressly intend to require integration of public schools.

On the other hand, that Amendment did not prohibit integration. In any case, the Court asserted that the Fourteenth Amendment guarantees equal education today. Public education in the 20th century, said the Court, had become an essential component of a citizen's public life, forming the basis of democratic citizenship, normal socialization, and professional training. In this context, any child denied a good education would be unlikely to succeed in life. Where a state, therefore, has undertaken to provide universal education, such education becomes a right that must be afforded equally to both blacks and whites.

Were the black and white schools "substantially" equal to each other, as the lower courts had found? After reviewing psychological studies showing black girls in segregated schools had low racial self-esteem, the Court concluded that separating children on the basis of race creates dangerous inferiority complexes that may adversely affect black children's ability to learn. The Court concluded that, even if the tangible facilities were equal between the black and white schools, racial segregation in schools is "inherently unequal" and is thus always unconstitutional. At least in the context of public schools, Plessy v. Ferguson was overruled. In the Brown II case a decided year later, the Court ordered the states to integrate their schools "with all deliberate speed."

Opposition to Brown I and II reached an apex in Cooper v. Aaron (1958), when the Court ruled that states were constitutionally required to implement the Supreme Court's integration orders. Widespread racial integration of the South was achieved by the late 1960s and 1970s. In the meantime, the equal protection ruling in Brown spilled over into other areas of the law and into the political arena as well. Scholars now point out that Brown v. Board was not the beginning of the modern civil rights movement, but there is no doubt that it constituted a watershed moment in the struggle for racial equality in America.

---

http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/rights/landmark_brown.html

quote:

---

After the civil war many African-Americans settled in Oklahoma because of employment opportunities from the oil fields. Around 1908 the community of Greenwood in Tulsa, Oklahoma was established. The Daily Tulsa Star was an African-American owned newspaper. Businesses owned by African-Americans flourished. Their communities were the best. Their schools were excellent. Greenwood was coined the Black Wall Street. However, because of jealousy, deceit, and discrimination, Greenwood was burned to the ground by white racists on June 1,1921.

---

http://www.timbooktu.com/spence/burning.htm

---

Euronuts and general racist have hated Afro-Americans because we became educated and started calling out "racist White scholars" on the myths they were writing as history. The most interesting fact about this oppositional history is that when ever Afro-Americans wrote an authentic history they used the lastest research literature.

Afrocentrism, is a mature social science that was founded by Afro-Americans almost 200 years ago.

These men and women provided scholarship based on contemporary archaeological and historical research the African/Black origination of civilization throughout the world. These Afro-American scholars, mostly trained at Harvard University (one of the few Universities that admitted Blacks in the 19th Century) provide the scientific basis the global role played by African people in civilizing the world.

Afrocentrism and the africalogical study of ancient Black civilizations was began by Afro-Americans.
The africalogical textbooks published by Hopkins (1905), Perry (1893) and Williams (1883) provided the vocabulary themes for further afrocentric social science research.

The pedagogy for ancient africalogical research was well established by the end of the 19th century by African American researchers well versed in the classical languages and knowledge of Greek and Latin. Cornish and Russwurm (1827) in the Freedom Journal, were the first African Americans to discuss and explain the "Ancient Model" of history.



These afrocentric social scientists used the classics to prove that the Blacks founded civilization in Egypt, Ethiopia, Babylon and Ninevah. Cornish and Russwurm (1827) made it clear that archaeological research supported the classical, or "Ancient Model" of history.

Edward Blyden (1869) also used classical sources to discuss the ancient history of African people. In his work he not only discussed the evidence for Blacks in West Asia and Egypt, he also discussed the role of Blacks in ancient America (Blyden, 1869, 78).

By 1883, africalogical researchers began to publish book on African American history. G.W. Williams (1883) wrote the first textbook on African American history. In the History of the Negro Race in America, Dr. Williams provided the schema for all future africalogical history text.

Dr. Williams (1883) confirmed the classical traditions for Blacks founding civilization in both Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia) and West Asia. In addition, to confirming the "Ancient Model" of history, Dr. Williams (1883) also mentioned the presence of Blacks in Indo-China and the Malay Peninsula. Dr. Williams was trained at Howard.



A decade later R.L. Perry (1893) also presented evidence to confirm the classical traditions of Blacks founding Egypt, Greece and the Mesopotamian civilization. He also provided empirical evidence for the role of Blacks in Phoenicia, thus increasing the scope of the ASAH paradigms.



Pauline E. Hopkins (1905) added further articulation of the ASAH paradigms of the application of these paradigms in understanding the role of Blacks in West Asia and Africa. Hopkins (1905) provided further confirmation of the role of Blacks in Southeast Asia, and expanded the scope of africalogical research to China (1905).

This review of the 19th century africalogical social scientific research indicate confirmation of the "Ancient Model" for the early history of Blacks. We also see a movement away from self-published africalogical research, and publication of research, and the publication of research articles on afrocentric themes, to the publication of textbooks.

It was in these books that the paradigms associated with the "Ancient Model" and ASAH were confirmed, and given reliability by empirical research. It was these texts which provided the pedagogic vehicles for the perpetuation of the africalogical normal social science.

The afrocentric textbooks of Hopkins (1905), Perry (1893) and Williams (1883) proved the reliability and validity of the ASAH paradigms. The discussion in these text of contemporary scientific research findings proving the existence of ancient civilizations in Egypt, Nubia-Sudan (Kush), Mesopotamia, Palestine and North Africa lent congruency to the classical literature which pointed to the existence of these civilizations and these African origins ( i.e., the children of Ham= Khem =Kush?).

The authors of the africalogical textbooks reported the latest archaeological and anthropological findings. The archaeological findings reported in these textbooks added precision to their analysis of the classical and Old Testament literature. This along with the discovery of artifacts on the ancient sites depicting Black\African people proved that the classical and Old Testament literature, as opposed to the "Aryan Model", objectively identified the Black\African role in ancient history. And finally, these textbooks confirmed that any examination of references in the classical literature to Blacks in Egypt, Kush, Mesopotamia and Greece\Crete exhibited constancy to the evidence recovered from archaeological excavations in the Middle East and the Aegean. They in turn disconfirmed the "Aryan Model", which proved to be a falsification of the authentic history of Blacks in early times.

White have always tried to co-op the history of Afro-Americans and African people. Afro-American scholars began the study of Afro-American history, it was later dominated by whites like Herbert Aptheker.

There is no one who can deny the fact that Leo Hansberry founded African studies in the U.S. Hansberry was a professor at Howard University, but he was not allowed to teach African Studies. Today whites dominate the teaching of African, and even Afro-American history across the United States.

Today, whites even try to say "Blackcentrism" was manufactured by white scholars like Bernal, Bernal did not initiate any second wave of "negro/ Blackcentric" study for ancient Egyptian civilization. Credit for this social science push is none other than Chiek Diop, who makes it clear that he was influenced by DuBois.



These scholars recognized that the people of ancient Greece, Southeast Asia and Indo-China were African people. When giants in study of Afrocentrism discussed Blacks in Asia they were talking about people of African descent. So when you claim that these civilizations should be outside the study area of Afrocentric scholars you don't know what you're talking about.

These Afro-American researchers used anthropological, archaeological historical and linguistic evidence to support their conclusions. It is only natural that these well founded hypotheses developed by these scholars can be supported by population genetics.
As you can see the history taught by the Academe lacks any foundation. It was made to support "White Supremacy" and produce the idea that whites made civilization.

This is the true myth. No white civilization has lasted 400 years. Senegalese Muslims (Moors) ruled Spain for almost a thousand years--not being forced out of Spain until 1492. It took whites in the United States up to 1835 to pacify the Black Native Americans in Northeastern United States and the South, and they only pacified the Mongoloid Indians into the 1880's. Yet they write history as if they have controled all of America, since they arrived on this continent.

It was not until the 1880's that whites colonized Africa, with most of the pacification efforts lasting up to WWI. By the 1960's the African governments /states were independent. The only problem was that the minds of African leaders is still colonized--so they don't want to do anything on their own.

As a result, the whole idea of a March of Titans, i.e., white people across the world, is a myth. That is why whites have to attack realhistory.com, and my research and sites to make them feel good about a history based on lies.
 

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Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
You post things which you don't understand that's the problem.

Tell us why the book "Guns, Germs and Steel"
is white supremacist That is ridiculous.

Explain why the book or documentary is white supremacist otherwise you are full of crap

Since you have posted this and made the claim that it's racist you should not have to go and look up more about it and be able to tell us why rather than more copy and paste pretend comprehension

If you are lucky zarahan or someone else who can write their own argument will save you

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Ish Gebor:


Jared Diamond may or may not have intended his book in a certain way, but it is certainly used to promote white surprimacy, to explain civilization and the speard of their people. How also could it have gotten there?

---

Your theory is that every civilization in the world was founded by black Africans and then people who were not black Africans stole each civiliztion.

It's bullshit and racist

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
You are a liar. No one claims that all civilizations were founded by Blacks. We acknowledge that whites founded Greco-Roman civilzation.

---

Sorry Clyde, you are alone on this one. I totally disagree!

The Soviet and United States civilizations were started by Albinos, I can think of no others.

The Europeans were simply usurped continuations of the original Black civilizations.

The North African and Middle-Easterners are no longer civilizations - they are merely Mulatto quagmires.
 

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Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
TRACING BLACK CIVILIZATIONS IN EUROPE

.


The Minoan civilization flourished in the middle Bronze Age on the Mediterranean island of Crete from ca. 2000 BCE until ca. 1500 BCE and, with their unique art and architecture, the Minoans made a significant contribution to the development of Western European civilization as it is known today.





The Mycenaean civilization flourished in the late Bronze Age, from the 15th to the 13th century BCE and extended its influence not only throughout the Peloponnese in Greece but also across the Aegean, in particular, on Crete and the Cycladic islands.The Mycenaeans were influenced by the earlier Minoan civilization (2000-1450 BCE) which had spread from its origins at Knossos, Crete to include the wider Aegean. Architecture, art and religious practices were assimilated and adapted to better express the perhaps more militaristic and austere Mycenaean culture.





With the mysterious end of the Mycenaean civilization during the Bronze Age Collapse around 1200 BCE (possibly through earthquake, invasion or in-fighting) came the so-called Dark Ages and it would be many centuries before Greek culture would finally regain the heights of the late Bronze Age.









 

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Posted by Clyde Winters (Member # 10129) on :
 

quote:

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Originally posted by Mike111:

quote:

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Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
You are a liar. No one claims that all civilizations were founded by Blacks. We acknowledge that whites founded Greco-Roman civilzation.

---

Sorry Clyde, you are alone on this one. I totally disagree!

The Soviet and United States civilizations were started by Albinos, I can think of no others.

The Europeans were simply usurped continuations of the original Black civilizations.

The North African and Middle-Easterners are no longer civilizations - they are merely Mulatto quagmires.

---

quote:

---

The earliest inhabitants of Greece and the Aegean Islands were Blacks from ancient Libya, Palestine, and Asia Minor. These Blacks founded Athens, Thebes Thera and Attica. They occupied much of the mainland and all the Aegean Islands. These Blacks are frequently depicted in the art associated with the so-called Dark Ages (1200-600 BC). There are also fine frescos from Thera (Sanorin) Island which illustrate one of the Agean cities occupied by these Blacks during the 16th and 15th centuries BC.

Associated with the Pelasgian cities during the 16th Century BC

Although the Blacks of the Heroic age came from diverse geographical and ethnic origins, the Aryan-Greeks called them Pelasgians. According to the Greeks, the first man was Pelasgus--ancestor of the Pelasgians. The Pelasgians were a combination of different Black tribes called Achaeans, Cadmeans, Leleges, Carians or Garamantes.

The term Pelasgian was applied to all these pre-Hellenic inhabitants of Greece. R.J. Hopper, in The Early Greeks, noted that "indeed the classical Greeks believed in the separate existence of diverse ethnic elements side by side, and thought particularly of the Pelasgians in this connection".

According to tradition, the Pelasgians inhabited Arcadia and many Aegean Islands. These Blacks took their own writing to Greece which was later used by the Aryan-Greeks. According to Herodotus quadrigas or four-horse chariots were introduced to Greeks by the Libyans .

The Aryan-Greeks adopted the language of the Pelasgians and Egyptians. The linguistic evidence shows that there was a differentiation of Greece into East Greek and West Greek. The Black Greeks spoke East Greek (Achaioi or Achaean). West Greek was spoken by the Dorian or Aryan Greeks. The earliest Aryan tribe called Ionians spoke a dialect of East Greek called Aeolic.

Many classical scholars teach the world that the Greek language is entirely Indo-European. This view of Greek is wrong. Dr. Anna Morpurgo Davies, has made it clear that "less than 40% of the words which have an Indo-European etymology". According to Dr. Davies, 52.2 % of the Greek terms in Chantraine's Dictionnaire Etymologique de la langue Grecque (1968) have an unknown etymology. The mixed nature of the Greek language results from the early settlement of the Aegean by Blacks from Africa.

---

.
 

---

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 


^^^ fake
 

---

Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
LETS REPHRASE AGAIN - HAVING LOST THE SUBJECT.

Study - Originally published in Science Express on October 8 2015

Title: Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent

www2.zoo.cam.ac.uk/manica/ms/2015_Gallego_Llorente_et_al_Science.pdf

In 2011, archaeologists working with Gamo tribesman in the highlands of southwest Ethiopia discovered Mota Cave, 14 metres wide and 9 metres high, overlooking a nearby river. A year later, they excavated a burial of an adult male, his body extended and hands folded below his chin. Radiocarbon dating suggested that the man died around 4,500 years ago — before the proposed time of the Eurasian migrations and the advent of agriculture in eastern Africa.

Advances in ancient DNA technology allow researchers to reap DNA from ever older bones, and the cool, constant temperatures of caves are kind to the molecule. So a team co-led by Ron Pinhasi, an archaeologist at University College Dublin, tested the Mota man's bones for intact DNA and found enough to sequence his genome 12 times over.

The first-ever DNA sequencing of the skull of the ancient African – the 4,500-year old ‘Mota man’ has revealed that a huge migration from Western Eurasia into the Horn of Africa 3,000 years ago, was twice as significant in terms of numbers and genetic influence as had been thought. Indeed, it was so large that it could have increased the population of the Horn of Africa by close to a third – which in turn led to a bigger genetic impact than expected, the report found.

The man’s DNA suggests that Middle Eastern farmers migrated into Africa several thousand years ago, leaving traces of their Eurasian ancestry in the genomes of many modern-day Africans.

The man's genome is, unsurprisingly, more closely related to present-day Ethiopian highlanders known as the Ari than to any other population the team examined, suggesting a clear line of descent for the Ari from ancient human populations living in the area. But further genetic studies show that the Ari also descend from people that lived outside Africa, which chimes with a previous study that discovered a ‘backflow’ of humans into Africa from Eurasia around 3,000 years ago. (Humans first migrated FROM Africa some 60,000 to 100,000 years ago.)

Using genetic evidence from Eurasian ancient genomes and present-day populations, the researchers determined that the migrant ancestors of the Ari were closely related to early farmers who moved into Europe from the Near East around 9,000 years ago. Co-author Marcos Gallego Llorente, an evolutionary geneticist at the University of Cambridge, UK, suggests that Middle Eastern farmers later moved south to Africa, bringing new crops to the continent such as wheat, barley and lentils. The team also found vestiges of these migrants’ DNA in people all across sub-Saharan Africa — probably carried by later migrations, such as the expansion of Bantu-speaking groups from West Africa to other parts of the continent around 1,000 years ago.

Mota Man was assigned to Mtdna haplogroup L3x2a, and Y-haplogroup E1b1.

Supplementary Text has dna haplotypes

http://www.sciencemag.org/content/early/2015/10/07/science.aad2879/suppl/DC1

---

Comment: Basically what these researchers are saying is that Mota man shows no genetic commonality with Eurasians, but many MODERN Africans do. Therefore they are taking Mota man as being TYPICAL of Ancient Africans. And they are saying that the part of the modern Ari genome that is different from Mota man is due to Eurasian admixture.
 

---

Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
^We have discussed the pauperism of the evidence and the moronic nature of these Albinos logic.

But we have not talked about the basic supremacist racism of the concept.

To wit - Clear in their concept and argument is the proposition that Africans are NATURALLY STAGNANT!

ONLY "AFTER" AFRICANS LEAVE AFRICA, DO THEIR GENES MUTATE INTO DIFFERENT HAPLOGROUPS, IS WHAT THEY'RE REALLY SAYING!

WHEREAS, HUMANS "OUTSIDE" OF AFRICA MUTATE WITH WILD ABANDON!

.

And they say it even while knowing this!

.


 

---

Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
^Then there is the Albino proposition that ALL members of a particular group are identified by ONE particular haplogroup (Remember when they were saying that "THEY" were identified by (R1)?

Study: Identifying Genetic Traces of Historical Expansions: Phoenician Footprints in the Mediterranean

We then developed an analytical strategy to distinguish between lineages specifically associated with the Phoenicians and those spread by geographically similar but historically distinct events, such as the Neolithic, Greek, and Jewish expansions. This involved comparing historically documented Phoenician sites with neighboring non-Phoenician sites for the identification of weak but systematic signatures shared by the Phoenician sites that could not readily be explained by chance or by other expansions. From these comparisons, we found that haplogroup J2, in general, and six Y-STR haplotypes, in particular, exhibited a Phoenician signature that contributed > 6% to the modern Phoenician-influenced populations examined.

.
REALLY, THE PHOENICIANS DID ALL THIS!!!!
.



 

---

Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
^Clearly the Albinos, having failed to find a TRUE and glorious history for themselves: are once again, engaging in a POWER PLAY with Blacks.

They are saying:

Ya, we know it's bullsh1t, but we have the media and the power, and we're going to cram our bullsh1t down your throats - our made-up history will "CONTINUE" to be YOUR history too.
 

---

Posted by Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:



^^^ fake

---

^^^ Desperate racists.








http://www.ou.edu/finearts/art/ahi4913/aegeanhtml/mycptg3.html




http://www.uark.edu/campus-resources/dlevine/WaspsBibliog.html

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
You post things which you don't understand that's the problem.

---

You try to defend things you don't understand.
 

---

Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
^Clearly the Albinos, having failed to find a TRUE and glorious history for themselves: are once again, engaging in a POWER PLAY with Blacks.

They are saying:

Ya, we know it's bullsh1t, but we have the media and the power, and we're going to cram our bullsh1t down your throats - our made-up history will "CONTINUE" to be YOUR history too.

---

.

Okay, so far they're ahead, they're winning.

But it's not over!

.



 

---

Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
Soon lioness will come screaming:
Africans are stagnant because of the CLIMATE - it's all the same!

Not so:

Africa's variety of climate zones

Unsurprisingly, such a large land mass has a wide variety of climates:

Tropical rainforest – found particularly in the centre of the continent and also along the eastern coast of Madagascar.
Humid sub-tropical – found in the southwest.
Mediterranean – mostly on the northwest (Mediterranean) coast and in the southeast
Savannah – found to the north and south where it replaces the rain forest. There are distinct wet and dry seasons.
Steppe – away from the Equator, to the north and south, the savannah grades into drier steppe.
Desert – here there is little rainfall and wide differences between day and night temperatures. The Sahara in the north is the world’s largest desert (only three countries have a greater area – Russia, Canada and China). The Kalahari in southern Africa covers an area larger than France.
Highland – largely found in the east, below the Horn of Africa.
Marine – largely in the southeast.

Record temperatures

The highest temperature recorded anywhere in the world was at Al’Aziziya, Libya, which reached 57.8°C (136°F) on September 13, 1922. The lowest recorded temperature in Africa is -24°C (-11°F) at Ilfrane, Morocco, on February 11, 1935.
Highs and lows

Temperatures are highest in desert areas, particularly the Sahara. They are coolest across the south and in mountainous areas and plateaux highlands.

Rainfall varies dramatically across Africa. The northern half of the continent contains large areas of arid desert, where annual rainfall can be just 50mm. But in central areas of the continent, tropical rainforests can receive over 4,000mm each year (Scotland has an average of around 1,500mm).
 

---

Posted by Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
^Clearly the Albinos, having failed to find a TRUE and glorious history for themselves: are once again, engaging in a POWER PLAY with Blacks.

They are saying:

Ya, we know it's bullsh1t, but we have the media and the power, and we're going to cram our bullsh1t down your throats - our made-up history will "CONTINUE" to be YOUR history too.

---

.

Okay, so far they're ahead, they're winning.

But it's not over!

.

---

It's like a modern version of:


 

---

Posted by Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
Soon lioness will come screaming:
Africans are stagnant because of the CLIMATE - it's all the same!

Not so:

Africa's variety of climate zones

Unsurprisingly, such a large land mass has a wide variety of climates:

Tropical rainforest – found particularly in the centre of the continent and also along the eastern coast of Madagascar.
Humid sub-tropical – found in the southwest.
Mediterranean – mostly on the northwest (Mediterranean) coast and in the southeast
Savannah – found to the north and south where it replaces the rain forest. There are distinct wet and dry seasons.
Steppe – away from the Equator, to the north and south, the savannah grades into drier steppe.
Desert – here there is little rainfall and wide differences between day and night temperatures. The Sahara in the north is the world’s largest desert (only three countries have a greater area – Russia, Canada and China). The Kalahari in southern Africa covers an area larger than France.
Highland – largely found in the east, below the Horn of Africa.
Marine – largely in the southeast.

Record temperatures

The highest temperature recorded anywhere in the world was at Al’Aziziya, Libya, which reached 57.8°C (136°F) on September 13, 1922. The lowest recorded temperature in Africa is -24°C (-11°F) at Ilfrane, Morocco, on February 11, 1935.
Highs and lows

Temperatures are highest in desert areas, particularly the Sahara. They are coolest across the south and in mountainous areas and plateaux highlands.

Rainfall varies dramatically across Africa. The northern half of the continent contains large areas of arid desert, where annual rainfall can be just 50mm. But in central areas of the continent, tropical rainforests can receive over 4,000mm each year (Scotland has an average of around 1,500mm).

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Ish Gebor:


Jared Diamond may or may not have intended his book in a certain way, but it is certainly used to promote white surprimacy, to explain civilization and the speard of their people. How also could it have gotten there?

---

Your theory is that every civilization in the world was founded by black Africans and then people who were not black Africans stole each civiliztion.

It's bullshit and racist

---

Really is that "my theory"?

Show me where I wrote any of that. ...

The only thing racist thing here, is what you try to implement as "real history". The more you type, the more you get exposed for being what you are, the actual euronut racist. Especially within the last few days you been exposed majorly. I have posted sources on racism in "science". And you have been defending these racist "scientist".


I started at the root of this problem and gradually moved up to the common era.
 

---

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:



^^^ fake

---

^^^ Desperate racists.








http://www.ou.edu/finearts/art/ahi4913/aegeanhtml/mycptg3.html




http://www.uark.edu/campus-resources/dlevine/WaspsBibliog.html

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
You post things which you don't understand that's the problem.

---

You try to defend things you don't understand.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
^Compare the climate of Africa above, with the lands where all of those genetic MUTATIONS were supposed to have taken place - THE MIDDLE-EAST.

.

The basic climate of the Middle East is hot and dry, although winters are mild with a little rain. To the north of the desert are the great steppes. This area has extremes of temperature and rain in winter and spring. Rest of the area has rainfall between March and November and sometimes floods from March to May. Summers are long and hot and winters mild and wet along the Mediterranean coast. The coastal areas are humid but have a steady breeze to compensate.

Rainfall and temperature vary considerably across the Middle East and even within countries. The Caspian Sea coast of northern Iran receives up to 2000 mm of rain a year, while the desert regions of Iran often receives no rain at all for many years. Temperatures also vary by region. Ankara in the central plateau region of Turkey averages 32°F in January and 73°F in July.

Low-lying coastal regions of the Arabian Peninsula of Jordan and Iraq, and those bordering the Mediterranean Sea have much more moderate winter temperatures: Jeddah in western Saudi Arabia averages 75°F in January and 89°F in July. Lowland desert areas in the interior regions of the Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Iraq, and Egypt have extreme heat in the summer, with temperatures sometimes reaching 77°F or higher.

Across the Middle East, summer temperatures are usually around 85 F, but often rise above 100. In Baghdad, the record high is 120 F; in Basra, 124 F, the highest temperatures recorded in any major Middle Eastern city. In the Saudi desert, however, temperatures over 120 F are common. Most storms crossing the Middle East become dust- or sandstorms when strong winds whip the dry desert surface; as many as 38 occur annually.

---

.


Of course it's all bullsh1t - a big con:

I mean really?

In all the "VASTNESS" of Africa, they could only find "ONE" skeleton to genetype??????

Here everybody, this is how big Africa really is.

.


 

---

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
^We have discussed the pauperism of the evidence and the moronic nature of these Albinos logic.

But we have not talked about the basic supremacist racism of the concept.

To wit - Clear in their concept and argument is the proposition that Africans are NATURALLY STAGNANT!

ONLY "AFTER" AFRICANS LEAVE AFRICA, DO THEIR GENES MUTATE INTO DIFFERENT HAPLOGROUPS, IS WHAT THEY'RE REALLY SAYING!

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:

And they say it even while knowing this!

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:

WHEREAS, HUMANS "OUTSIDE" OF AFRICA MUTATE WITH WILD ABANDON!

---

There are more different haplogroups that formed outside of Africa than haplogroups that formed inside africa

again:

There are more different haplogroups that formed outside of Africa than haplogroups that formed inside africa

Unsuprisingly Africa is one contienent while the rest of the world is comprised of several other continents


And humans encountered different environmentlal conditions there and had higher degrees of admixture with Neanderthals and Denisova.


But...
as the book quote says there are greater polymorphisms within Africa (within African haplogroups) than there are in haplogroups that formed outside of Africa,
yes also true.
In a given haplogroup Africans have much wider variation



Light morph Jaguar



Dark-morph or melanistic jaguar


"Genetic polymorphism is the occurrence in the same population of two or more alleles at one locus, each with appreciable frequency"
-- Cavalli-Sforza & Bodmer



.
 

---

Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

There is more than one African haplogroup.

So you saying that they're saying other haplogroups only came about only after leaving Africa is false.

---

Title: Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent

www2.zoo.cam.ac.uk/manica/ms/2015_Gallego_Llorente_et_al_Science.pdf

Abstract:

Characterizing genetic diversity in Africa is a crucial step for most analyses reconstructing the evolutionary history of anatomically modern humans. However, historic migrations from Eurasia into Africa have affected many contemporary populations, confounding inferences. Here, we present a 12.5x coverage ancient genome of an Ethiopian male (‘Mota’) who lived approximately 4,500 years ago. We use this (ONE) genome to demonstrate that the Eurasian backflow into Africa came from a population closely related to Early Neolithic farmers, who had colonized Europe 4,000 years earlier. The extent of this backflow was much greater than previously reported, reaching all the way to Central, West and Southern Africa, affecting even populations such as Yoruba and Mbuti, previously thought to be relatively unadmixed, who harbor 6-7% Eurasian ancestry.


The ability to sequence ancient genomes has revolutionized our understanding of human evolution. However, genetic analyses of ancient material have focused on individuals from temperate and arctic regions, where ancient DNA is preserved over longer time frames (1). Africa has so far failed to yield skeletal remains with much aDNA, with the exception of a few poorly preserved specimens from which only mitochondrial DNA could be extracted (2). This is particularly unfortunate, as African genetic diversity is crucial to most analyses reconstructing the evolutionary history of anatomically modern humans, by providing the baseline against which other events are defined. In the absence of ancient DNA, geneticists rely on contemporary African populations, but a number of historic events, in particular a genetic backflow from West Eurasia into Eastern Africa (3, 4), act as confounding factors.

.

ONCE AGAIN YOU ASS, THIS IS AFRICA!

.



 

---

Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
^Even Doxie must be embarrassed by this stupid study, and it's barefaced in-bedded lies.

What say you Doxie - are you embarrassed by your fellow lying Albino brethren?
 

---

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 



DNA Tribes Digest for February 28, 2011: The Horn of Africa World Region (PDF, 2,509KB)


http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2011-02-28.pdf

_________________________





http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2014-07-02.pdf

Five Continent Core Components in 44 World Regions
 

---

Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
 
^He,he,he,he:

Trying to cover it up with copious posts of meaningless texts, tables and charts, I see.

No matter, I'm done.
 

---

Posted by the lioness, (Member # 17353) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

There is more than one African haplogroup.

So you saying that they're saying other haplogroups only came about only after leaving Africa is false.

---

Title: Ancient Ethiopian genome reveals extensive Eurasian admixture throughout the African continent

www2.zoo.cam.ac.uk/manica/ms/2015_Gallego_Llorente_et_al_Science.pdf

Abstract:

Characterizing genetic diversity in Africa is a crucial step for most analyses reconstructing the evolutionary history of anatomically modern humans. However, historic migrations from Eurasia into Africa have affected many contemporary populations, confounding inferences. Here, we present a 12.5x coverage ancient genome of an Ethiopian male (‘Mota’) who lived approximately 4,500 years ago. We use this (ONE) genome to demonstrate that the Eurasian backflow into Africa came from a population closely related to Early Neolithic farmers, who had colonized Europe 4,000 years earlier.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:


ONCE AGAIN YOU ASS, THIS IS AFRICA!

.


[/QB]

---

.


Originally posted by the lioness,:

ONCE AGAIN FOOL THESE ARE THE OTHER CONTINENTS >>>




put on your thinking cap and tell us which has more ocean separated landmass and is larger, the rest of the world or Africa ???

So with one brief glance at a world map
Mike's stupidity crystalizes like rock candy

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
No matter, I'm done.

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Ish Gebor:

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:



^^^ fake

---

^^^ Desperate racists.








http://www.ou.edu/finearts/art/ahi4913/aegeanhtml/mycptg3.html




http://www.uark.edu/campus-resources/dlevine/WaspsBibliog.html

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:
You post things which you don't understand that's the problem.

---

You try to defend things you don't understand.

---

The item is still fake despite posting several pictures of it

---

Yawn, the only thing fake here is you.

"Illustration: Mycenaean Fresco from the "Palace of Nestor" at Pylos. ca. 13th Century BCE (“Before the Common Era,”). Watercolor by Piet de Jong."


Love it, how you lately show your "true colors". Very strategic.
 

---

Posted by Ish Gebor (Member # 18264) on :
 

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:
^We have discussed the pauperism of the evidence and the moronic nature of these Albinos logic.

But we have not talked about the basic supremacist racism of the concept.

To wit - Clear in their concept and argument is the proposition that Africans are NATURALLY STAGNANT!

ONLY "AFTER" AFRICANS LEAVE AFRICA, DO THEIR GENES MUTATE INTO DIFFERENT HAPLOGROUPS, IS WHAT THEY'RE REALLY SAYING!

---

There is more than one African haplogroup.

So you saying that they're saying other haplogroups only came about only after leaving Africa is false.


.

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:

And they say it even while knowing this!

---

Does this mean in an African village you will find people with completely different haplgroups living in the same tribe?

No. It means you don't know what alleles are or polymorphism

An allele is a variation of one particular gene but within a haplogroup. Africans of the same group have much wider variation of their genes than non-Africans.
This is because huemans have lived longer inside Africa than outside Africa and several geneticists have made widely known comments affirming this diversity.

quote:

---

Originally posted by Mike111:

WHEREAS, HUMANS "OUTSIDE" OF AFRICA MUTATE WITH WILD ABANDON!

---

There are more different haplogroups that formed outside of Africa than haplogroups that formed inside africa

again:

There are more different haplogroups that formed outside of Africa than haplogroups that formed inside africa

Unsuprisingly Africa is one contienent while the rest of the world is comprised of several other continents


And humans encountered different environmentlal conditions there and had higher degrees of admixture with Neanderthals and Denisova.


But...
as the book quote says there are greater polymorphisms within Africa (within African haplogroups) than there are in haplogroups that formed outside of Africa,
yes also true.
In a given haplogroup Africans have much wider variation



Light morph Jaguar



Dark-morph or melanistic jaguar


"Genetic polymorphism is the occurrence in the same population of two or more alleles at one locus, each with appreciable frequency"
-- Cavalli-Sforza & Bodmer
.

---

quote:

---

However, it is likely that Ford's definition applies to many, if not most, instances of polymorphism (see Ford, 1964).

---

quote:

---

Colored dots indicate genetic diversity. Each new group outside of Africa represents a sampling of the genetic diversity present in its founder population. The ancestral population in Africa was sufficiently large to build up and retain substantial genetic diversity.

---

--L. L. Cavalli-Sforzaa AND Brenna Henn (2012)

Essentially the word allele means mutation, transformation.

There are more of these mutations found in Africa, then anywhere else. Remember the 7 mutations DE? Africans usually carry the root of nucleotide. As was shown with Hg.H


So what Mike has been showing with the maps, and climatology is correct.

Hence your own words:

quote:

---

This is because huemans have lived longer inside Africa than outside Africa and several geneticists have made widely known comments affirming this diversity.

---

quote:

---

There are more different haplogroups that formed outside of Africa than haplogroups that formed inside africa

---

quote:

---

According to the current data East Africa is home to nearly 2/3 of the world genetic diversity independent of sampling effect. Similar figure have been suggested for sub-Saharan Africa populations [1].

[...]


The figure, besides a separate clustering of east Africans, indicates the substantial contribution of Africans and east Africans to the founding of populations of Europe and Asia.
(TIF)

[...]

The central position of east Africans and some other Africans emphasizes the founding role of east African gene pool and the disparate alignment on coordinates along which the world populations were founded including populations of Aftica aligning along the 4th dimension.

[...]

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by the lioness,:



DNA Tribes Digest for February 28, 2011: The Horn of Africa World Region (PDF, 2,509KB)


http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2011-02-28.pdf

_________________________





http://www.dnatribes.com/dnatribes-digest-2014-07-02.pdf

Five Continent Core Components in 44 World Regions

---

quote:

---

"AND WITHIN EACH OF THESE GROUPS THERE IS AN AMAZING AMOUNT OF DIVERSITY,[...] THE DIVERSITY IS INDIGNIOUS TO AFRICAN POPULATIONS":

Tracing Family Trees, And Human History, With Genetics


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pjf0qKdzmrc

---

quote:

---

Originally posted by Clyde Winters:
..

---