Italy to Weigh Military Action in Libya If Diplomacy Fails ROME — Feb 16, 2015, 2:00 PM ET By FRANCES D'EMILIO Associated Press
Italy would weigh participating in any military intervention to keep forces from the Islamic State group from advancing in Libya should diplomatic efforts fail, Italian officials said Monday.
Defense Minister Roberta Pinotti has said Rome could contribute 5,000 troops to lead such a military mission. But Pinotti and Premier Matteo Renzi on Monday sought to dispel the notion Italy already decided on military operations if launched under the auspices of the United Nations. Renzi told the private TG5 TV news "the proposal is to wait, so the U.N. Security Council can work with a bit more conviction on Libya" diplomatically.
Italy, which became a unified state only in 1860, was a late starter in the race for colonies. For the Italians, the marginal Turkish provinces in Libya seemed to offer an obvious compensation for their humiliating acquiescence to the establishment of a French protectorate in Tunisia, a country coveted by Italy as a potential colony. Italy intensified its long-standing commercial interests in Libya and, in a series of diplomatic manuevers, won from the major powers their recognition of an Italian sphere of influence there. It was assumed in European capitals that Italy would sooner or later seize the opportunity to take political and military action in Libya as well.
In September 1911 Italy engineered a crisis with Turkey charging that the Turks had committed a "hostile act" by arming Arab tribesmen in Libya. When Turkey refused to respond to an ultimatum calling for Italian military occupation to protect Italian interests in the region, Italy declared war. After a preliminary naval bombardment, Italian troops landed and captured Tripoli on October 3, encountering only slight resistance. Italian forces also occupied Tobruk, Al Khums, Darnah, and Benghazi.
In the ensuing months, the Italian expeditionary force, numbering 35,000, barely penetrated beyond its several beachheads. The 5,000 Turkish troops defending the provinces at the time of the invasion withdrew inland a few kilometers, where officers such as Enver Pasha and Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) organized the Arab tribes in a resistance to the Italians that took on the aspects of a holy war. But with war threatening in the Balkans, Turkey was compelled to sue for peace with Italy. In accordance with the treaty signed at Lausanne in October 1912, the sultan issued a decree granting independence to Tripolitania and Cyrenaica while Italy simultaneously announced its formal annexation of those territories. In the end, the Turks accepted a peace settlement, and Libya was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. The Italians also occupied the island of Rhodes. Several hundred thousand Sicilians and other southern Italians settled in Tripoli and its environs in the decades to come. The sultan, in his role as caliph (leader of Islam), was to retain his religious jurisdiction there and was permitted to appoint the qadi of Tripoli, who supervised the sharia courts. But the Italians were unable to appreciate that no distinction was made between civil and religious jurisdiction in Islamic law. Thus, through the courts, the Turks kept open a channel of influence over their former subjects and subverted Italian authority.
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
But the Berbers were not done, in 1912 the Libyan hero Omar Mukhtar (1862 - September 16, 1931), of the Mnifa tribe, near Tobruk in eastern Barqa (Cyrenaica). Organized and for nearly twenty years, led a Berber resistance to Italian occupation of Libya.
During the Italian war and occupation of Libya, about 50% (YES 50%!) of the Libyan population, mostly Blacks, died in the struggle for independence, mainly in prison camps.
WORLD WAR II AND INDEPENDENCE
As Europe prepared for war, Libyan nationalists at home and in exile perceived that the best chance for liberation from colonial domination lay in Italy's defeat in a larger conflict. Such an opportunity seemed to arise when Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, but Mussolini's defiance of the League of Nations and the feeble reaction of Britain and France dashed Libyan hopes for the time being. Planning for liberation resumed, however, with the outbreak of war in Europe in September 1939. Libyan political leaders met in Alexandria, Egypt, in October to resolve past differences in the interest of future unity. Idris was accepted as leader of the nationalist cause by Tripolitanians as well as Cyrenaicans, with the proviso that he designate an advisory committee with representatives from both regions to assist him. Differences between the two groups were too deep and long held, however, for the committee to work well.
When Italy entered the war on the side of Germany on June 10, 1940, the Cyrenaican leaders, who for some months had been in contact with British military officers in Egypt, immediately declared their support for the Allies. In Tripolitania, where Italian control was strongest, some opinion initially opposed cooperation with Britain on the ground that if the Allies lost-- which seemed highly possible in 1940--retribution would be severe. But the Cyrenaicans, with their long history of resistance to the Italians, were anxious to resume the conflict and reminded the timid Tripolitanians that conditions in the country could be no worse than they already were. Idris pointed out that it would be of little use to expect the British to support Libyan independence after the war if Libyans had not cooperated actively with them during the war.
After the Italians were expelled by allied forces in 1943, Libya was governed by British forces until independence in 1951. With Omar Mukhtar dead, and so many ethnic Berbers dead, it probably opened the door for Idris I, Emir of Cyrenaica, and Chief of the Senussi Muslim order (founded in Mecca in 1837 by the Algerian Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali Senussi - Idris was his grandson) to assume a leadership role. In 1944, Idris returned from exile in Cairo, and on November 21, 1949 the UN General Assembly passed a resolution stating that Libya should become independent before January 1, 1952.
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
The United Nations and Libya
Disposition of Italian colonial holdings was a question that had to be considered before the peace treaty officially ending the war with Italy could be completed. Technically, Libya remained an Italian possession administered by Britain and France, but at the Potsdam Conference in 1945 the Allies--Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States--agreed that the Italian colonies seized during the war should not be returned to Italy. Further consideration of the question was delegated to the Allied Council of Foreign Ministers, which included a French representative; although all council members initially favored some form of trusteeship, no formula could be devised for disposing of Libya. The United States suggested a trusteeship for the whole country under control of the United Nations (UN), whose charter had become effective in October 1945, to prepare it for self-government. The Soviet Union proposed separate provincial trusteeships, claiming Tripolitania for itself and assigning Fezzan to France and Cyrenaica to Britain. France, seeing no end to the discussions, advocated the return of the territory to Italy. To break the impasse, Britain finally recommended immediate independence for Libya. INDEPENDENT LIBYA
Under the constitution of October 1951, the federal monarchy of Libya was headed by King Idris as chief of state, with succession to his designated heirs.
The Senussi or Sanussi
The Senussi/Sanussi refers to a Muslim political-religious Sufi order and tribe in Libya and the Sudan region founded in Mecca in 1837 by the Grand Senussi, Sayyid Muhammad ibn Ali as-Senussi. The Senussi claim a direct lineage to the Prophet Muhammed. Senussi was concerned with both the decline of Islamic thought and spirituality and the weakening of Muslim political integrity. From 1902 to 1913 the Senussi fought French expansion in the Sahara, and the Italian colonisation of Libya beginning in 1911. In World War I, the Senussi fought against the British in Egypt and Sudan. During World War II the Senussi tribe provided vital support to the British 8th Army in North Africa against the German and Italian forces. The Grand Senussi's grandson became King Idris of Libya in 1951. An unknown part of the population in Libya continue to be affiliated with the Senussi movement.
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
The September 1969 Coup
On September 1, 1969, in a daring coup d'état, a group of about seventy young army officers and enlisted men, mostly assigned to the Signal Corps, and led by then 27-year-old army officer Muammar al-Gaddafiseized control of the government and in a stroke abolished the Libyan monarchy. The coup was launched at Benghazi, and within two hours the takeover was completed. Army units quickly rallied in support of the coup, and within a few days firmly established military control in Tripoli and elsewhere throughout the country. Popular reception of the coup, especially by younger people in the urban areas, was enthusiastic. Fears of resistance in Cyrenaica and Fezzan proved unfounded. No deaths or violent incidents related to the coup were reported. The officers abolished the monarchy, and proclaimed the new Libyan "Arab" Republic, with Gaddafi as it's leader. Muammar al Qadhafi thus became president for life.
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
^Now, as with everywhere else in North Africa and the Middle East, the Mulattoes RULE, and they Don't like Niggers!
But Niggers sure love them! Brothers in Islam and otherwise - Right Africans?
.
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
So I ask you alTakruri, when the Albinos come this time: Will you hide from them, shoot at them, or welcome them?
Posted by kdolo (Member # 21830) on :
If you look at he second photo of your last post, you will see one Black helping a Turk mulattoe to arrest and no douby abuse another Black.
This probably explains how Turk mullatos got a foot hold in the region to begin with.....Blacks failing to understand the true nature of the Black-Albino conflict and thus never having a united front.
It appears that the Black mind is especially susceptible to religion that makes it ignore reality
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
quote:Originally posted by kdolo: If you look at he second photo of your last post, you will see one Black helping a Turk mulattoe to arrest and no douby abuse another Black.
Modern Mulattoes may be Italian or French, as well as Turk, due to the relevant invasion.
In 1900, the estimated population of Tunisia was 1,960,000. Today the French, Italian, and other European immigrants have swelled that number to 10,000,000.
Sounds like the Whitenizing of Brazil and Argentina, doesn't it.
.
"MODERN" TUNISIAN PEOPLE.
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
The invisible Negro in North Africa
In this case Tunisia.
.
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
Al Jazeera
'Never keep silent': Tunisia confronts racism A number of black-rights advocacy organisations have emerged in recent years to tackle legacy of discrimination.
Caption: There is currently no law that protects Tunisian blacks from racial discrimination.
Tunis - For four consecutive days last month, black Tunisians marched against racism, travelling from the island of Djerba in the southeast to Tunis in the north.
The "Equality Caravan", which marked the International Day for the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, was organised by a group of black Tunisian citizens who hoisted banners reading "Wseef is not a colour," referring to a pejorative racial epithet sometimes used against black Tunisians.
"We wanted to raise awareness, break the taboo subject of racism through this march. We wanted to shock people about the reality of discrimination," said event organiser Maha Abdulhamid, the co-founder and a former member of the black rights' organisation ADAM for Equality and Development in Tunisia.
Although Tunisian census data does not take into account ethnicity, and there are no specific population numbers available, the population of black Tunisians in the south is larger than in the north. Black Tunisians in the north are sometimes confused with sub-Saharan Africans, who are viewed as lower class by many non-black Tunisians.
Another organiser, Imen Ben Ismail - who founded the Tounous radio station, an unprecedented venture run by black citizens that deals with subjects related to racism in the country - called the march a wakeup call for all Tunisians. "We want to educate people who are desensitised to the meaning of the words they are using to designate their fellow black citizens,'' Ben Ismail told Al Jazeera.
YES - the story above is about Negroes IN FUCHING AFRICA, MARCHING AGAINST BLACK DISCRIMINATION IN FUCHING AFRICA!
Yet many wonder why I often view Africans with disgust - how could I not?. Posted by kdolo (Member # 21830) on :
Well Mike, you have to admit the Blacks in Tunisia asserting themselves is a start.
This means that they are finally beginning to reject the "We are all Muslims" nonsense.
A change in consciousness has occurred and needs to be encouraged.
However you can still tell they are a ways away....why are they wearing Che Guevara T-shirts ???
Are they Still in need psychologically of assistance from a White man ?? There is along long list in Black and Black Affrican freedom fighters and they come up with Che Guevara .....?? silly and still a bit confused.
What they could use then is some knowledgeable Black Americans going over there and opening their eyes and brains a bit.
(Them protesting is akin to Native Americans protesting anti- Native racism in the USA ...which I am sure occurred or occurs)...
Posted by Child Of The KING (Member # 9422) on :
It's always been divide and conquer with these evil filled people.
In this city of toronto I have seen many women and some men wearing bull rings in there nose.(Nothing good about that at all)
Then again this is what the systems whites said about there women:
quote:
quote: Nux, Asinus, Muliere, verbere, opus habent Meaning in English
meaning in english:
quote: A nut, a donkey and a women need the whip
quote:Eschylus, Greek Dramatist said: O God, What a Breed you have given us in womankind
quote:Menenander: There is nothing worse in the world then a women be she never so good
quote:Simonides:This is the greatest Evil that zeus has made
quote: And Seneca one of the most liberal of Roman writers said: The leader of all wickedness is woman
Then you find out all the experiments these people do on people. Then the agents.
Be Wary people.
Posted by kdolo (Member # 21830) on :
King,
go away. we are aware of you and what you are about.
Posted by kdolo (Member # 21830) on :
More aware Blacks from the the US and West Indies who are aware need to be traveling to places like Brazil and Africa in order to try and wake these people up.
At last glance, the fastest growing areas of Roman Catholicism and Turk Mulattoe Islam were in Africa .....the battle will be an uphill one ...but you don't need to reach everyone .... only a dedicated percentage ...changes occur on the margin.
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
quote:Originally posted by kdolo: More aware Blacks from the the US and West Indies who are aware need to be traveling to places like Brazil and Africa in order to try and wake these people up.
At last glance, the fastest growing areas of Roman Catholicism and Turk Mulattoe Islam were in Africa .....the battle will be an uphill one ...but you don't need to reach everyone .... only a dedicated percentage ...changes occur on the margin.
Risk life and limb to educate those people to what end?
You seem to be forgetting that these are the same people who were the HUB of the transatlantic Slave trade. Stopping only when forced to by the Albinos, who themselves had become disgusted by it. But even now practicing it undercover.
The litany of charges against Africans goes on and on, yet you council risking all, to save them from themselves. Can you explain your logic?
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
BTW - Has everyone forgotten that when it came time for the Albinos to attack a "Pro-Black" regime in North Africa, the Negroes in the South said fine, do it?
Now suppose the Blacks in North Africa were to rise-up against the Albinos AND their Mulattoes, what do you suppose the Negroes in the South would do or say?
My guess is that they would demand that those uppeddy Negroes be put down (By the Albinos), and the survivors be given to them as Slaves - For their loyalty you understand.
Sound Far-Fetched?
It happened before, how else could African history be as it is?
Posted by Child Of The KING (Member # 9422) on :
quote:Originally posted by kdolo: King,
go away. we are aware of you and what you are about.
kdolo, what am I about?
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: BTW - Has everyone forgotten that when it came time for the Albinos to attack a "Pro-Black" regime in North Africa, the Negroes in the South said fine, do it?
Now suppose the Blacks in North Africa were to rise-up against the Albinos AND their Mulattoes, what do you suppose the Negroes in the South would do or say?
My guess is that they would demand that those uppeddy Negroes be put down (By the Albinos), and the survivors be given to them as Slaves - For their loyalty you understand.
Sound Far-Fetched?
It happened before, how else could African history be as it is?
Question:
Has there ever been a time - ancient or modern - where one African nation came to the aid of another African nation, which was under attack from a foreign power?
(Aside from when the Nubians tried to save Egypt from the Assyrians).
Posted by kdolo (Member # 21830) on :
The activity of the Tunisian Blacks shows that they are capable of learning ..... (how quickly is the question)
And there is no need to risk life and limb, basic exposure to some materials and someone to explain them should suffice....
again, you cant reach everyone and nor should you attempt it .... those whose minds are ready (and there are a certain percentage in all group) will take the info and run with it ....
Regarding nations helping each other, depends on what you call`nations .... I would imagine that different tribal groups (nations ?) would have combined forces here there.....
maybe against the British in Sudan, the Italians in the Horn, Germans in East Africa.
Ever to the extent of seeing themselves as all similarly Black and unified against Albinos ... i doubt it ... tribal affiliation is still the defining marker of identity in Africa ...
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
quote:Originally posted by kdolo: Tribal affiliation is still the defining marker of identity in Africa ...
It's 2015, so that's maybe 400,015 years and counting. Wonder when they're going to figure it out?
Posted by Child Of The KING (Member # 9422) on :
Ethnicity is something to be Proud of.
The thing though is that Africans must understand the reason why Outsiders can dictate and steal from them is the simple reason of them basically building up Ethnocentrism like how the french turned the Hututsi against each other in Rwanda.
How to change this is to be more Aware that Ethnicity has criss crossed from time, and that Your All Originals from the Motherland. So Build that Up on the Continent
Seems that sometimes a President will come in and Have majority of his/her Ethnic group in his her/her cabinet, instead of uplifting all the ethnicity in there country they make the other ethnic groups feel left out and then the outsiders whisper that they are being oppressed and feed them arms and destablize the country(Like Rwanda) All this can be avoided when the African brothers and sisters tell those people that they value ALL there people in there countries and they will not undermine there own country to hurt the innocent, since that is who gets hurt the most in these senseless ethnic chauvinism. Truth, a Leader diversifys his cabinet and listens to all his/her people. Happy People, Blessed Land.
Make your people satisfied and know your there for them and that you can't be bought by the west, Learn from King Rehoboam read 1 Kings 4-19
Here is an excerpt from the Bible
quote:1 Kings 12 1,3-4, 16, 19 12 1 Rehoboam went to Shechem, for all Israel had gone there to make him king.
3 So they sent for Jeroboam, and he and the whole assembly of Israel went to Rehoboam and said to him:
4 “Your father put a heavy yoke on us, but now lighten the harsh labor and the heavy yoke he put on us, and we will serve you.”
13 The king answered the people harshly. Rejecting the advice given him by the elders,
14 he followed the advice of the young men and said, “My father made your yoke heavy; I will make it even heavier. My father scourged you with whips; I will scourge you with scorpions.”
quote: 1 Kings 12 16 When all Israel saw that the king refused to listen to them, they answered the king:
“What share do we have in David, what part in Jesse’s son? To your tents, Israel! Look after your own house, David!”
So the Israelites went home.
19 So Israel has been in rebellion against the house of David to this day.
So Remember, Be happy about Your Ethnicity, But All Your People Should come equally supported.
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
quote:Originally posted by kdolo: The activity of the Tunisian Blacks shows that they are capable of learning ..... (how quickly is the question)
Ya I have to admit that sometimes they do show intelligence.
Example - Shell Oil polluted Nigeria land something terrible. But when they were finally made to account for their wrongdoing Politicians, and the tribal Chiefs conspired to low-ball the settlements and kept all the money for themselves, and the Farmers got nothing.
He,he,he,he:
So they called in EUROPEAN LAWYERS!
Quote: Over 15,600 Ogoni farmers and fishermen whose lives were devastated by two large Shell oil spills in 2008 are celebrating the $83.5 million settlement they will receive from Shell as compensation. The settlement, split among individuals and the community as a whole, avoids Shell having to defend a potentially embarrassing London high court case which was due to start shortly. It is thought to be the largest payout to any African community following environmental damage and the first time that compensation for an oil spill has been paid directly to affected individuals rather than to local chiefs.
ONLY IN AFRICA!
Posted by IronLion (Member # 16412) on :
^Simplistic analysis. Shell Nigeria is a shell company. It has barely any assets asides from its minning platforms and a few campuses where it houses its workers.
The real money lies in England.
So the Nigerians chased them to England, gave them a legal beating and collected money for compensation.
How is this narrative compared to the strawman argument you presented above?
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
^My point was actually about the absurdity of still having a tribal system. As the story says, the chiefs were keeping all of the money. Is there a benefit in having a chief? If not, why do they still organize themselves that way?
Posted by xyyman (Member # 13597) on :
Why go to the London High Court? It is an Nigerian issue why not deal with it there. If Shell has a problem with the decision, kick them out.
Posted by IronLion (Member # 16412) on :
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^My point was actually about the absurdity of still having a tribal system. As the story says, the chiefs were keeping all of the money. Is there a benefit in having a chief? If not, why do they still organize themselves that way?
A Chief is like a state official. The word chief was tagged onto to the officials of indigenous peoples by albinos.
As such, all indigenous peoples of the earth still have chiefs. From North to South America, through Hawaii, to India, Africa, and the South Pacific Islands.
Indigenous peoples, (the real owners) of the earth, do have their own system of life which has served them for at least 100,000 years.
Albino parliamentary and presidential systems are so new. Barely 500 years old. Yet they have created wars and wars, up to now where we are on the verge of human destruction and extinction.
XYYman asks: Why go to the London High Court? It is an Nigerian issue why not deal with it there. If Shell has a problem with the decision, kick them out.
Lion replies:
Because the Shell in London has got the money, not the Nigerian one.
There are everyday environmental pollutions associated with the oil industry all over the world and compensation has been the way to deal with it.
And recall, that Shell pollutes the American gulf waters everyday and there is nothing America can do to get rid of them
Bro, the oil companies rule the world and their armies. You got to be real. We handle them diplomatically...
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Why go to the London High Court? It is an Nigerian issue why not deal with it there. If Shell has a problem with the decision, kick them out.
xyyman - You really need to pay closer attention.
This video explains the corruption that is endemic in Nigeria.
When the locals took Shell to Nigerian Courts, Shell paid everybody off to produce the settlement sums that they were comfortable with: (guilt was never the issue - everybody knew they did it).
Then once the agreed upon Low-Ball sum was paid to the Tribal Chiefs, they kept the money and gave the Farmers little or none.
The Farmers got nothing until they went to European court.
Profile: Royal Dutch Shell plc Carel van Bylandtlaan 30 The Hague, 2596 HR Netherlands Royal Dutch Shell plc operates as an independent oil and gas company worldwide.
Posted by IronLion (Member # 16412) on :
^More Albino nonsense.
You like to push albino theories and propaganda when it serves your petty prejudice.
What you should be doing is planning an investigative research, perhaps visit Nigeria.
BTW, there is more corruption in United States and Europe than could ever exist in Nigeria.
Posted by kikuyu22 (Member # 19561) on :
quote:Originally posted by Mike111:
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: BTW - Has everyone forgotten that when it came time for the Albinos to attack a "Pro-Black" regime in North Africa, the Negroes in the South said fine, do it?
Now suppose the Blacks in North Africa were to rise-up against the Albinos AND their Mulattoes, what do you suppose the Negroes in the South would do or say?
My guess is that they would demand that those uppeddy Negroes be put down (By the Albinos), and the survivors be given to them as Slaves - For their loyalty you understand.
Sound Far-Fetched?
It happened before, how else could African history be as it is?
Question:
Has there ever been a time - ancient or modern - where one African nation came to the aid of another African nation, which was under attack from a foreign power?
(Aside from when the Nubians tried to save Egypt from the Assyrians).
Mike,you really should keep up with the news! In 98 the Anglo Zionist proxies,the Tutsis invaded the DRC. Mugabe quickly organised a coalition including Angolans to counter them when they were on the verge of capturing Kinshasa,for which Congolese are eternally grateful.
quote:
^More Albino nonsense.
You like to push albino theories and propaganda when it serves your petty prejudice.
What you should be doing is planning an investigative research, perhaps visit Nigeria.
BTW, there is more corruption in United States and Europe than could ever exist in Nigeria.
That last line is so true,IDK what to say! We're incapable of even considering the continental slaughters and wholesale genocides of the Albinos.
Posted by Mike111 (Member # 9361) on :
quote:Originally posted by kikuyu22: Mike,you really should keep up with the news! In 98 the Anglo Zionist proxies,the Tutsis invaded the DRC. Mugabe quickly organised a coalition including Angolans to counter them when they were on the verge of capturing Kinshasa,for which Congolese are eternally grateful.
I am very happy to be proven wrong, too bad there was only one such case.
Even more diluting is the fact that it was initiated by my former hero Mugabe, already known as the greatest African.
BTW - the Albinos have announced that they will renew direct aid to Zimbabwe, could this mean that they have finally gotten to Mugabe?
Posted by xyyman (Member # 13597) on :
No they haven't gotten to him . The man is about 100yo. They are preparing for the future leader. You know, throw a carrot. Think Cuba and others.
Posted by IronLion (Member # 16412) on :
quote:Originally posted by Mike111:
quote:Originally posted by kikuyu22: Mike,you really should keep up with the news! In 98 the Anglo Zionist proxies,the Tutsis invaded the DRC. Mugabe quickly organised a coalition including Angolans to counter them when they were on the verge of capturing Kinshasa,for which Congolese are eternally grateful.
I am very happy to be proven wrong, too bad there was only one such case.
Even more diluting is the fact that it was initiated by my former hero Mugabe, already known as the greatest African.
BTW - the Albinos have announced that they will renew direct aid to Zimbabwe, could this mean that they have finally gotten to Mugabe?
African Studies 101
During both the Portuguese Colonial War and the Angolan Civil War, the MPLA received military and humanitarian support primarily from the governments of Algeria, ... Cape Verde Islands, ... the Congo, Cuba, Guinea-Bissau, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, ... São Tomé and Príncipe, Somalia... Sudan, Tanzania, Libya
quote:Originally posted by kikuyu22: Mike,you really should keep up with the news! In 98 the Anglo Zionist proxies,the Tutsis invaded the DRC. Mugabe quickly organised a coalition including Angolans to counter them when they were on the verge of capturing Kinshasa,for which Congolese are eternally grateful.
I am very happy to be proven wrong, too bad there was only one such case.
Even more diluting is the fact that it was initiated by my former hero Mugabe, already known as the greatest African.
BTW - the Albinos have announced that they will renew direct aid to Zimbabwe, could this mean that they have finally gotten to Mugabe?
African Studies 101
During both the Portuguese Colonial War and the Angolan Civil War, the MPLA received military and humanitarian support primarily from the governments of Algeria, ... Cape Verde Islands, ... the Congo, Cuba, Guinea-Bissau, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, ... São Tomé and Príncipe, Somalia... Sudan, Tanzania, Libya
"BTW - the Albinos have announced that they will renew direct aid to Zimbabwe, could this mean that they have finally gotten to Mugabe?"
Mugabe ?? ..... No. But you have to remember there is a whole cohort of people ....the generation or two behind Mugabe .....who did not fight on the liberation wars ....
Not only do they not have the personal experience of the struggle, these guys probably want to get rich ......and get rich quickly ... Not only that, who likes being considered an international outcaste ?? The younger generation probably wants "in" whatever tht may mean.
So, the deals have already been made by big Western interests and the upcoming Zimbabawe elite ...they are merely waiting for the old man and his ilk to die.
Same thing in Cuba.......
Posted by Red, White, and Blue + Christian (Member # 10893) on :
In Libya, the Tuareg were on the side of MQ and the Toubou were on the side of the rebels. Libya has many 'Arab tribes of many complexions.
Toubous
Flag of Toubou Flag for Salvation of Libya
Posted by Red, White, and Blue + Christian (Member # 10893) on :
Libya is currently undergoing a progressive collapse of its social and institutional fabric. Among this regressive dynamic it is difficult to pinpoint the most dangerous and aggravating causes thereof. There is no central authority that decides; there is no capacity to impose the decisions taken; there is no binding agent able to repair the relationship and co-existence between the many social souls present in the country. The final result of all of these elements is the resurfacing of tensions between the different ethnic groups that are geared towards a final armed confrontation between the tribes: Arabs, Tuareg and Berbers. Such armed confrontations are the early warning signs of a nation on its way towards total and utter failure.
This state of affairs is particularly visible and evident in an area that is particularly crucial for the security of the whole of Libya but not of Libya alone: the southern border of the country. The southern Libyan territory is by now in the hands of organized crime. It is an area where every kind of illicit traffic is amply diffused, an area which serves as a refuge for terrorist groups and where the instabilities of Libya bond with those of its neighboring countries. An explosive cocktail that could well be set ablaze and easily infect the entire sub-Saharan strip of Africa.
A precarious balance
The protagonists of this drama are essentially three: the Tebou, the Tuareg and the local Kabiles. The latter are defined by their counterparts as being "Arabs", a reductive description that does not refer so much to the color of the skin or to the difference between nomad and sedentary populations but rather to the difference between the original inhabitants of that territory and other peoples that have settled there centuries ago following conquests and invasions.
The Tebou are a tribe of semi-nomads devoted alternatively to herding or to temporary cultivation of land. With their origin in Tibesti, a mountainous region in northern Chad, this population branches out to Niger and north Sudan. In the 70's, Muhamar Khadafi dreamed of annexing a part of northern Chad, geographically defined as the 'strip of Aouzou', by claiming it belonged to Libya on the basis of an Italian-French accord favoring Italy and to the fact that the area was under the vassalage of the Senussia confraternity. In order to pursue his aims, the Libyan dictator had gotten mixed up in a war against Chad (also because there was talk of there being uranium in the area) that began in 1973 and which was moreover miserably lost by Libya.
It is in this conjunction that there originates the problem of the Tebou, whom inhabited the disputed area and whom were forced to abandon their territory. Some of them sought refuge in Libya and Khadafi, in order to validate his territorial claims, had granted them Libyan nationality. In 1994 a sentence of the international court of justice had given the strip of Aouzou to Chad, thus putting an end to the territorial claims of the Rais. At this point it wasn't in the Rais' interest any longer to give hospitality to the Tebou, who saw their newly found nationality stripped away. The same happened with their right to access the Libyan social services and their right to residency. In fact, they were discriminated. The decisions of the Libyan regime produced social tensions at a local level - especially in the area of Kufra where the presence of the Tebou was concentrated - and clashes with the local Kabiles, in particular with that of the Zway. In 2008, the Libyan authorities had then repressed the Tebou dissidence with the use of arms.
Once the revolt against the dictator exploded in 2011, the Tebou sided immediately with the rebels, winning consent which currently, among the Libyan social chaos, they tend to cash in by assuming a role of command and control in the southern part of the country. In the imagery of the Arab population there remains diffidence with regards to a community which is perceived as "foregin"; a diffidence that even the stripes won during a conflict cannot erase. This reciprocal diffidence has sparked bloody clashes in 2013 which have produced roughly 350 dead and hundreds of wounded in Cyrenaica. The recent incidents of January 2014 in the areas of Sebha and in the region of Fezzan where the Tebou have collided with the Kebil of the Awlad Sleiman (with over 20 victims) are proof that the problem has not been solved. The reason for the clashes was the elimination of a military chief of the Awlad Suleiman as vengeance for the killing, two years before, of about 40 Tebous. Just the sort of do-it-youself justice that is common in Libya nowadays.
The Tabou seek the same old things: Libyan citizenship, free access to social services, an increased political representation that can help them uphold their claims. In addition to these, there is the fact that, during the civil war, the Tabou have protected the oil installations and now expect to receive a share from the sale of the oil thereof. Presently, despite the reluctance of the Arab populations, the Tebou have the weapons, are part of the so-called revolutionary brigades and have thus an enhanced contractual power. On the Arab side there is a growing conviction that, apart from the renown smuggling activity that has always fed the Tebou, there is now an exodus of additional Tebous from neighboring countries with the aim of tipping the ethnic balance in a scarcely populated area such as the south of Libya.
The supporting actors in the south of Libya are the Tuareg, whom share the same claims as the Tebou: Libyan citizenship and better social conditions. This convergence of interests has created a bond between the Tebou and the Tuareg, two tribes that had fought each other in the past in order to expand their respective spheres of influence and that have now joined forces against the Arab populations of southern Libya.
The southern borders
Despite the claims or complaints of the various groups present on the Libyan territory, the main problem is that the south of Libya is essentially an insecure and unstable desert. There are over 2000 km of southern borders that are not controlled in any way by the central government. A good part of these - from Kufra to Murzuq - are under the control of the Tebou while the rest - the area of Obari - are in the hands of the Tuareg. This means that the traffics that originate in southern Egypt, in Chad, Sudan and in the eastern part of Niger are now controlled by the Tebou, while the ones coming from western Niger and from Algeria are within the Tuareg jurisdiction.
The Tebou can count on approximately 18 revolutionary brigades which are apparently quite well organized while the Tuareg can only count on 9. In theory, these revolutionary groups should answer, through the Chief of Staff, to the Ministry of Defense. In reality they only safeguard the interests and follow the orders of their direct commanders. Moreover, these militias don't need a salary because they control very profitable trades like arms, alcohol and drugs which transit freely in the areas under their control. There are no customs, there is no border police and the main crossings are under the control of these same militias that have a thorough knowledge of the desert areas where they operate. One can enter and exit Libya only with their consent and by paying a right of passage. This is one of the reasons why the traffic of migrants has found new impetus after the elimination of Khadafi. According to certain esteems, an average of 5 to 6 hundred migrants enter southern Libya on any given day.
The Tripoli authorities have stated that the south of the country is a "militarized zone" in a clumsy attempt to limit the access and transit of things and people in the area. A military governor has been designated but has no power to intervene, seen the sheer military preponderance of the revolutionary ("Thuwars") brigades ("Katiba") compared to the scant and badly armed police forces and the regular army. In this part of Libya the police does not intervene (or rather, it does only against weaker military sides) and the judges refuse to judge crimes connected to the traffics of the Tebou by adopting the tactic of postponing trials or passing decisions on to the tribal elders. The rest is regulated by corruption and by the code of silence.
The most worrisome aspect of this situation are the recurrent rumors about the presence, especially in the areas bordering Algeria (thus in the areas controlled by the Tuareg) of terrorist camps belonging to AQIM (Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb), a formation that is very active in Algeria and which is also present in northern Mali. The French intervention in northern Mali would have caused these groups to spill into Libya. This circumstance would postulate a collusion between terrorists and Tuaregs or, at least, the indifference of the latter with regards to the military aspirations of the Islamic extremists. Moreover, some of the Tuareg Katibas, such as the 315, headed by Sheykh Ahmed Omar, seem to express a subtle nearness to the claims of AQIM.
A further problem is represented by the presence of individuals and groups tied to the defunct dictator which, once the regime had collapsed, have sought refuge in the south of the country. This has caused a series of clashes between Kabiles and in particular between those tied to Khadafi - like the Warfalla and the Qadhadfa (Khadafi's original Kabil) - which are presently discriminated and support the armed opposition.
No solution in view
There presently exists no solution to this state of affairs and there will exist none until a central authority has been created. Presently, the rulers of southern Libya are the Tebou, the Tuareg and, in the role of the gooseberry, the Arabs (both for and against the defunct Rais). Recently the Tebou and the Tuareg, those that derive profit from the traffics across borders, have negotiated (without the authorization nor financing from the government) with the authorities from Niger on a presumed cooperation along the border.
On paper, the Tripoli government aims at reconquering southern Libya from the aforementioned tribes. There is even an old project - part of the friendship treaty negotiated with Italy in 2008 - that has been picked out of the dust of time. With the excuse of curbing immigration, Khadafi asked Italy to install a radar system along the southern border of the country. The fact that such a system was ineffective against dot-shaped migrants in the middle of a desert was known to all. But Khadafi wanted the radars and Italy wanted to indulge him. It was a 300 million euro project that was financed in part - reluctantly so, it must be said - by the European Union.
Now the project has been fished out of drawer by Tripoli and once again humored by Rome. It will be a great favor to Finmeccanica which, through Selex, will build the radars, but it will not serve the purpose of controlling southern Libya. The Tebou and the Tuareg can therefore sleep tight; nobody is bound to disturb them anytime soon.
Posted by Red, White, and Blue + Christian (Member # 10893) on :
Plus de Toubou
Posted by Red, White, and Blue + Christian (Member # 10893) on :
Plus de Toubou
In Libya, the problem is ethnicity.
Here in New York a man came on the radio a while ago and said, “The Arabs in Mauritania and Sudan were enslaving Black people.” Naturally, I was very upset upon hearing those words. I thought, “Why don’t the Black leaders speak out about this?”
When they had the rallies in Tahrir Square in Cairo a few years ago, I looked and said to myself, “Hey, that guy looks just like me and that one over there and another one over there.” There were guys in Libya, Morocco, Mauritania and Tuaregs who looked just like me – African American me. We must think about what is just and right above all. Because if we only go by who looks like who you may not get the desired result
