Vendela Kirsebom, Norwegian mother, Turkish father
How Europeans became Europeans is a big question, in large part because Europeans (i.e., “whites”) are still what an ideology in disrepute would term the herrenvolk of the world. But this reality, the truth of which sows discord in any discourse, does not need to negate the fact that the question itself is of interest, and today is eminently answerable. Europe has a long history of archaeology and its climate is mild-to-frigid in a manner which might aid in preservation of subfossils. For decades archaeologists have debated whether the ancestors of modern Europeans were farmers or hunters. It seems quite likely that the real answer is both, and, it’s complicated.
But the Gordian knot of history’s inscrutable veil is now be shredded by Thor’s hammer of Truth. More literally Pontus Skoglund has another paper out in in Science (how many times will I type that?), Genomic Diversity and Admixture Differs for Stone-Age Scandinavian Foragers and Farmers. If you don’t have academic access, the supplements are quite rich.
The panel to the left (above) shows the where and when of the samples. The key is that some of these are farmers and some of these are hunter-gatherers (as inferred by their cultural association). They’ve been examined before with more primitive techniques, but this latest paper ups the ante, even granting genomic coverage as relatively modest by current standards. The authors reiterated that there was a massive genetic difference between the first farmers who arrived in Sweden ~5,000 years ago, and a native hunter-gatherer tradition. The Fst was on the order of 0.05. To get a sense of scale the maximum Fst for modern Europeans is between Finns (a highly drifted group) and southern Italians (a highly admixed group with significant Near Eastern ancestry), at ~0.01. The Fst between modern Europeans and modern East Asians is on the order of ~0.10. In other words, two contemporaneous ancient populations in Sweden which were in near proximity for many generations had a genetic distance on the order of half the distance of Eurasia today. In fact this Fst is familiar to me. A few years ago at ASHG an Indian group had a poster which talked about the fact that coexistent South Asian groups (castes, jatis, etc.) within a region might have an Fst as incredibly high as…0.05! Obviously I’m not saying that ancient Sweden was characterized by caste, but I am asserting that genetic distinctiveness in Europe on the cusp of full agriculture within a local region probably mirrored modern India, where occupation and community identity are as informative as geography.
So why the huge genetic distance? The figure to the left (above) gives a clue as to why. The farmers from Sweden, represented by Gokhem2, have more “hunter-gatherer” admixture than Otzi the Iceman. Ajvide58 has significant “Ancestral North Eurasian,” which is also found in the New World (Anzick1 is a Clovis individual from Montana). What is of note is that both the European farmers have a component with a red shading that has previously been termed “Basal Eurasian,” in that it forms an outgroup in the non-African phylogenetic tree to populations from West Eurasia, East Eurasia, and Australasia. Because it is such an outgroup it no doubt had a large genetic difference from the others, and a high Fst value. Even ~25% contribution, as in the case of Gokhem2, might have been enough to introduce enough diverged drift to generate a great deal of allele frequency difference.
Many of the results in this paper were prefigured earlier. For example, it turns out that modern Swedes are closer to the hunter-gatherers than they are to the farmers. The PC plot to the right has northern Europeans at the top and Middle Eastern populations at the bottom. To the right are Finnic groups, with the Sami off the chart (I reedited it). All the ancient hunter-gatherers are outside of the contemporary distribution. One thing to remember is that the ancient individuals were projected upon the variation of modern populations. Therefore I suspect this plot understates how distinctive the ancient groups were. Second, it seems likely that modern Finnic populations are relatively intrusive latecomers to the Nordic scene, as the ancient hunter-gatherers have no particular affinity for them. Rather, if there is one population which resembles the hunter-gatherers from Gotland it is Lithuanians. This is not surprising. I have always held that the last region of Europe to be touched by the farmers from the Near East was the eastern Baltic. It is somewhat ironic that this area, and the Lithuanians precisely, were the last continental Europeans to be Christianized in the 14th century.*
So we’ve established that modern Swedes, and therefore modern Scandinavians, are descended more from the hunter-gatherers than the farmers who brought agriculture to the north. But it is in the functional genome where there’s a twist on the story: the farmers may have looked physically more like modern Swedes than the hunters. That’s because at two SNPs which are fixed (in SLC24A5) or nearly fixed (in SLC45A5) in modern Europeans yield matches to the farmers and not the hunters. These two SNPs are among the strongest quantitative trait loci for pigmentation in Europeans. Without them it seems unlikely that the hunter-gatherers would have been recognized as what we’d term “white.” An immediate objection to this is that the ancient hunter-gatherers had a different genetic architecture for pigmentation, so that their lightening alleles were different. Perhaps, but observe that we’ve already stated that the preponderance of the ancestry of modern Swedes is from these hunter-gatherers, and from what we know the genetic architecture in this population is not particularly surprising. Substituting the ancestral allelic variant at this loci tends to make these individuals darker (that is, through mixed marriage with non-Europeans). One could construct more complex scenarios of gene-gene interactions, but I think at this point we know where the parsimony lay.
With the large genetic distance, as well as the fact that the hunter-gatherers exhibited minimal gene flow from the farmers, and, likely a very salient physical difference, it seems plausible that we have the ingredients for inter-group conflict or at least an uneasy coexistence. Though it seems unlikely that the story of Grendel is an allegory recollecting this far distant time, it might not be far off from the truth in terms of how the farmers and hunter-gatherers interacted. Eventually the two groups congealed, but it took thousands of years.
Finally, let’s get back to the truly exotic fact lodged within these new papers: that there was a group of Basal Eurasians. The Basal Eurasians were further from the hunter-gatherers of Europe than the hunter-gatherers of Europe were from the ancestors of Australians or East Asians. Like the “Ancient North Eurasians” it seems likely that this is a “ghost population,” with no modern exemplars. No doubt as I write this there are papers which are being written or conjectured as to their relationship to populations outside of Europe, as it seems that the Middle East is one area where a deeper probe of possibilities is necessary. But perhaps it is to this group of Basal Eurasians that we owe the innovation of agriculture? Like shadows in our past their cultural impact is strong, but their identity as a distinct people has been eroded away by thousands of years of admixture and the flux and flow of peoples.
Citation: Genomic Diversity and Admixture Differs for Stone-Age Scandinavian Foragers and Farmer, Pontus Skoglund, Helena Malmström, Ayça Omrak, Maanasa Raghavan, Cristina Valdiosera, Torsten Günther, Per Hall, Kristiina Tambets, Jüri Parik, Karl-Göran Sjögren, Jan Apel, Eske Willerslev, Jan Storå, Anders Götherström, and Mattias Jakobsson, Science, DOI:10.1126/science.1253448
* The Sami were Christianized later, but the Sami were not at all part of the European system, as the Lithuanians actually were. The Sami are analogous to various indigenous groups, or Jews. In Europe, but not of it.
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DNA analysis solves the mystery of how Europeans came to be farmers.
It was the biggest cultural shift in European prehistory but the Stone Age transition from a lifestyle based on hunting animals and gathering wild berries to one built on farming and livestock was largely a mystery – until now.
A detailed analysis of the DNA extracted from the bones of 11 prehistoric Scandinavians who lived thousands of years ago around the Baltic Sea has shown that the transition from hunting to farming was more of a one-way takeover than previously supposed.
The genetic makeup of the people who lived through this cultural revolution has revealed that the incoming migrant farmers from southern Europe subsumed the indigenous hunter gatherers of the north, rather than the other way round, scientists said.
For years, archaeologists and anthropologists have argued over the events that led to the replacement of Europe’s long prehistoric tradition of hunter-gathering, lasting tens of thousands of years, by the relatively new practice of farming, which first appeared in the middle-east about 10,000 years ago and gradually spread west and north across the entire continent.
One suggestion was that the incoming farmers simply pushed the indigenous hunters further to the fringes, while another proposition was that it was the technology and ideas of farming, rather than the people, that gradually replaced the older practice of hunting and gathering.
However, the DNA from the 11 Stone Age skeletons dating from between about 5,000 and 7,000 years ago has revealed that the hunter gatherers actually became part of the incoming community of farmers, who were genetically distinct from the people whose lands they eventually occupied.
The study, published in the journal Science, also shows that there was no apparent influx of genes from the farmers into the gene pool of the hunter-gatherers. In other words, it was the hunter-gatherers who married into the immigrant farming families, and not the other way round, said Professor Mattias Jakobsson of Uppsala University in Sweden, who led the study.
“We know that there was a mixture and we know it was happening about 5,000 years ago in this part of northern Europe. But the mixture was not symmetrical – it was the hunter-gatherers who were assimilated into the agricultural people and not the other way round,” Professor Jakobsson said.
“The asymmetric gene-flow shows that the farming groups assimilated hunter-gatherer groups, at least partly. When we compared Scandinavian to central European farming groups that lived about the same time, we see greater levels of hunter-gatherer gene-flow into the Scandinavian farming groups,” he said.
The DNA analysis of seven hunter-gatherer skeletons and four Stone Age farmers – who lived alongside one other at about the same time but in separate communities – immediately showed a genetic difference between the two cultures, Professor Jakobsson said.
“Stone-Age hunter-gatherers had much lower genetic diversity than farmers. This suggests that Stone-Age foraging groups were in low numbers compared to farmers,” he said.
“The practice of hunting and gathering was probably more vulnerable to food shortages which would have led to population crashes that caused a genetic bottleneck and a loss of DNA diversity in hunter-gatherers,” he added.
Farming allows people to store grain in times of plenty which would have helped to keep the farming population high, and so maintaining genetic diversity. But it is clear from the DNA analysis that agricultural technology came in with an influx of genetically distinct people, rather than it being an idea passed on and taken up by bands of hunter-gatherers.
“The study shows that information spreads well when people are moving and it’s not just about the spread of ideas through communication. The change to agriculture did not happen overnight but over many generations,” Professor Jakobsson explained.
The study was not able to show whether the gene flow into the immigrant communities of farmers was the result of indigenous women or men intermarrying with farmers – or people of both sexes. However, there was a clear, asymmetric flow from hunters to farmers, and not the reverse, said Pontus Skoglund of Harvard University, who was part of the team.
“We see clear evidence that people from hunter-gatherer groups were incorporated into farming groups as they expanded across Europe. This might be clues towards something that happens also when agriculture spread to other parts of the world,” Dr Skoglund said.
quote:
EUROPE'S ORIGINAL HUMAN "HUNTER-GATHERERS"
ANCIENT SOUTHERN EUROPEAN FARMER.
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Lioness - can you please tell us what that Blonde Bimbo has to do with anything?
After all, the history is quite clear:
YOU ALBINO PEOPLE DID NOT REACH EUROPE UNTIL ABOUT 1,200 B.C.
And what really makes your post totally stupid, is that the Turks were the "LAST" of the Asian Albino tribes to reach Europe - circa 600 A.D.
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Proof Mike where's the proof I've asked for time and time again. Where's the DNA evidence, where's the linguistic evidence, where's the skeletons/mummies (the Tarim Basin mummies don't count), where's the paintings, statues, figurines depicting these people in Central Asia proving they were White. BTW TURKS LIKE JEWS ARE NOT WHITE why can't you seem to get that through your Whitey hating, Wanna be killing Whitey Black supremacist skull. Why don't you people admit it your hatred for White people makes you make these claims. Your hatred towards White people makes you want to see White people walking around knowing not where we came from, who our ancestors are, having no identity, no homeland to call our own, no heritage, thinking we have no history. Having no pride & thinking that we have no place on this earth, are inferior & have no right to exist.
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Europeans and their mis-direction. Their games. You do why…don’t you? Hint: Modern Euroepan male lineage were NOT found. Ha! Ha! Ha! The enigma!
Quote: The study was not able to show whether the gene flow into the immigrant communities of farmers was the result of indigenous women or men intermarrying with farmers – or people of both sexes.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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xyyman - please click on lioness link, and see for yourself how those genetic studies featuring "near distances" and other such nonsenses that you love so much, are used to complicate, and confuse, while offering nothing that can be of any use in understanding the subject.
As you can clearly see, that idiot Razib Khan was trying to use those meaningless graphs to suggest that White people were either the hunter gatherers or the farmers - when they were neither. You really need to rethink your approach.
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Mike. I don’t waste my time visiting and critiquing “nobodies”. Who is Khan? . Why waste time critiquing…a critique by a blogger. My time is more valuable when I discuss the ORIGINAL study. Most of these bloggers repeat popular dogma. DNATribes is one of the few that does in-depth analysis because they have the tools to do it. Even Dienekess is bi-polar. Just like the typical white male. I lurk at his site because he keeps up to date with the most current releases. I suspect he has the inside track on what is being researched and about to be published
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: xyyman - please click on lioness link, and see for yourself how those genetic studies featuring "near distances" and other such nonsenses that you love so much, are used to complicate, and confuse, while offering nothing that can be of any use in understanding the subject.
As you can clearly see, that idiot Razib Khan was trying to use those meaningless graphs to suggest that White people were either the hunter gatherers or the farmers - when they were neither. You really need to rethink your approach.
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: xyyman - please click on lioness link, and see for yourself how those genetic studies featuring "near distances" and other such nonsenses that you love so much, are used to complicate, and confuse, while offering nothing that can be of any use in understanding the subject.
As you can clearly see, that idiot Razib Khan was trying to use those meaningless graphs to suggest that White people were either the hunter gatherers or the farmers - when they were neither. You really need to rethink your approach.
So true. If you read the paper and supplement you find that all these ancient Europeans were 'Blacks',
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remarks form the "bruthas" who want to be European
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: xyyman - please click on lioness link, and see for yourself how those genetic studies featuring "near distances" and other such nonsenses that you love so much, are used to complicate, and confuse, while offering nothing that can be of any use in understanding the subject.
xyyman Mike doesn't undertstand this genetics stuff. It's all gibberish to him, maybe you can help his dumb ass
quote:Originally posted by xyyman: My time is more valuable when I discuss the ORIGINAL study.
You haven't read the original study since it's pay per view, only snippets from Dienekes. abstract and Suppliment, (food stamp money needed for food this month)
quote:Originally posted by xyyman:
Most of these bloggers repeat popular dogma. DNATribes is one of the few that does in-depth analysis because they have the tools to do it.
DNA Tribes is a private for profit company that is not peer reviewed
here is one of their maps>
here is the same map xyyman added his own blue arrows to>
quote:Originally posted by xyyman:
From Henn. She is basing this on autosomal SNP. This suggests that gene flow occurred from Africa to Europe rather than the other way around.[/b] DNATribes supports this view also. Basal Eurasian in Africa...YES!!! I can go on and on and on
quote:Originally posted by xyyman:
Even Dienekess is bi-polar. Just like the typical white male. I lurk at his site because he keeps up to date with the most current releases. I suspect he has the inside track on what is being researched and about to be published
Below Dienekes; remarks on the thread topic paper, Genomic Diversity and Admixture Differs for Stone-Age Scandinavian Foragers and Farmers >
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"A new paper has just appeared in Science which adds new ancient Swedish hunter-gatherer samples, as well as a new Gökhem2 Swedish farmer. Much lower quality data from the same archaeological sites were studied in 2012 by much the same team, but the new study has sequenced several new Pitted Ware individuals from Ajvide, as well as a Mesolithic Swede.
The Swedish hunter-gatherers appear to be similar to those of Lazaridis et al. (2013) in that their ancestry is a mixture of both European hunter-gatherers like LaBrana1 and ~15% of something related to MA1, which seems quite close to the 19% of ANE ancestry for the older Motala hunter-gatherer also from Sweden. The finding of Y-haplogroup I2a1 also parallels the Motala hunter-gatherers, so everything seems quite consistent with the Mesolithic Swedes being genetically very close to the Pitted Ware Neolithic ones. However, there is one difference in that the new hunter-gatherers were ancestral for SLC24A5 while the Motala one was derived (this is the "skin lightening" allele that was curiously missing in both Iberia and Luxembourg hunter-gatherers).
The authors also find that the Iceman and Gökhem2 are a mixture of Basal Eurasians and something related to hunter-gatherers. A interesting new detail is that the Swedish farmer had more of the hunter-gatherer ancestry than the Iceman (the estimated difference in their non-Basal Eurasian ancestry is 77.2-56=21.2%) which seems reasonably close to the 16% difference in the related "Atlantic_Baltic" ancestry for the previous lower-quality Gok4 farmer and the Iceman I estimated in 2012.
Finally, the authors also study the genetic diversity of the Swedish hunter-gatherers:
quote: The Scandinavian Neolithic hunter-gatherer group had significantly lower conditional nucleotide diversity (0.181±0.0015) compared to the Scandinavian Neolithic farmer group (0.201±0.0038, Figs 3A and S9). While the specific properties of ancient DNA may still affect comparisons with sequence data from modern-day individuals, the conditional nucleotide diversity in the hunter-gatherers was also lower than in any modern-day European and a Chinese population (22) analyzed using the same approach as for the ancient groups.
It is not easy to estimate nucleotide diversity with low coverage data (because you can't tell whether a sample is heterozygous in some position if you only have a handful of reads covering it), but the authors cleverly use the fact that they have multiple individuals from the hunter-gatherer population to estimate this. The low diversity in hunter-gatherers also parallels the finding of low genetic diversity in the Luxembourgeois Mesolithic hunter-gatherer, so it does seem that hunter-gatherers in Europe were a very low diversity population, which seems reasonable for people engaging in foraging (which does not allow for growth to large population numbers) and having ancestors who endured the Ice Age in Europe.
The last few months have been extremely generous in new ancient DNA studies and I hope that more stuff is coming this year as in 2013.
UPDATE: Also important (from the Independent):
quote:“We see clear evidence that people from hunter-gatherer groups were incorporated into farming groups as they expanded across Europe. This might be clues towards something that happens also when agriculture spread to other parts of the world,” Dr Skoglund said.
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BTW. YRI/Yoruba carry MORE light pigmentation genes than ancient Europeans. He! He!
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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I hope some of you undersand where this is going....
There is no race and it is indeed a political concept.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: dumb Mike thinks albinism is a race and now he's trying to appeal to your emotions through horrific photos
This picture is quite appropriate in depicting race. All humans started off Black, and then some developed the disease of Albinism.
However, I did not decide to make the Albinos the White race, it was that way when I got here.
I also didn't tell the Albinos that they should fear Blacks to the point were they felt that whatever atrocity they did to Blacks was justified in the cause of self defense.
But I do agree with Malcolm x, that it is appropriate and justified to protect oneself in the extent and manner of your own choosing.
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: [qb] dumb Mike thinks albinism is a race and now he's trying to appeal to your emotions through horrific photos
This picture is quite appropriate in depicting race. All humans started off Black, and then some developed the disease of Albinism.
your logic is faulty by this logic anybody who has a genetic defect is of a different race
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The Light Skin Allele of SLC24A5 in South Asians and Europeans Shares Identity by Descent
Chandana Basu Mallick equal contributor mail, Florin Mircea Iliescu equal contributor, Märt Möls, Sarah Hill, Rakesh Tamang, Gyaneshwer Chaubey, Rie Goto, Simon Y. W. Ho, Irene Gallego Romero,Federica Crivellaro, Georgi Hudjashov, Niraj Rai,Mait Metspalu, [ ... ], Toomas Kivisild
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is one of the most variable phenotypic traits in humans. A non-synonymous substitution [rs1426654] in the third exon of SLC24A5 accounts for lighter skin in Europeans but not in East Asians. A previous genome-wide association study carried out in a heterogeneous sample of UK immigrants of South Asian descent suggested that this gene also contributes significantly to skin pigmentation variation among South Asians. In the present study, we have quantitatively assessed skin pigmentation for a largely homogeneous cohort of 1228 individuals from the Southern region of the Indian subcontinent. Our data confirm significant association of rs1426654 SNP with skin pigmentation, explaining about 27% of total phenotypic variation in the cohort studied. Our extensive survey of the polymorphism in 1573 individuals from 54 ethnic populations across the Indian subcontinent reveals wide presence of the derived-A allele, although the frequencies vary substantially among populations. We also show that the geospatial pattern of this allele is complex, but most importantly, reflects strong influence of language, geography and demographic history of the populations. Sequencing 11.74 kb of SLC24A5 in 95 individuals worldwide reveals that the rs1426654-A alleles in South Asian and West Eurasian populations are monophyletic and occur on the background of a common haplotype that is characterized by low genetic diversity. We date the coalescence of the light skin associated allele at 22–28 KYA. Both our sequence and genome-wide genotype data confirm that this gene has been a target for positive selection among Europeans. However, the latter also shows additional evidence of selection in populations of the Middle East, Central Asia, Pakistan and North India but not in South India.
Oooh, we're Europeans, we're so special that we're White because we "WANT" to be White, Not like everybody else, who are White because they're diseased Albinos.
Ha,ha,ha,ha,ha.
Damn you people are delusional.
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The above, The Light Skin Allele of SLC24A5 in South Asians and Europeans Shares Identity by Descent I'm not sure of all the ethnicities but the principal author and many of the other authors seem to be Indian or other non-European Asians. Anyway this abstract is clinical. They are talking about an allele that is common to both Europeans and some South Asians. So stop making up stuff that there is "WANT" or "specialness" involved (that must be in your mind) You are the one who is always talking about European links with India anyway. So they found one, SLC24A5, deal with it
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^You stupid ass, many East Asians are Whiter than Europeans. Those lying Central Asian Albinos (Europeans) are saying that they are White for a different reason - can't you read?
i.e. A non-synonymous substitution [rs1426654] in the third exon of SLC24A5 accounts for lighter skin in Europeans but not in East Asians.
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^You stupid ass, many East Asians are Whiter than Europeans. Those lying Central Asian Albinos (Europeans) are saying that they are White for a different reason - can't you read?
i.e. A non-synonymous substitution [rs1426654] in the third exon of SLC24A5 accounts for lighter skin in Europeans but not in East Asians.
yes Idiot there is a different gene involved common to Europeans and some South Indians SLC24A5. Whereas in East Asians the gene EDAR is what causes light skin and has different characteristics (which was identified several yearsd
So your talk about specialness or wanting has nothing to do with it, It's just you projecting in bullshit
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East Asian Physical Traits Linked to 35,000-Year-Old Mutation
By NICHOLAS WADE Published: February 14, 2013
Gaining a deep insight into human evolution, researchers have identified a mutation in a critical human gene as the source of several distinctive traits that make East Asians different from other races.
The traits — thicker hair shafts, more sweat glands, characteristically identified teeth and smaller breasts — are the result of a gene mutation that occurred about 35,000 years ago, the researchers have concluded.
The discovery explains a crucial juncture in the evolution of East Asians. But the method can also be applied to some 400 other sites on the human genome. The DNA changes at these sites, researchers believe, mark the turning points in recent human evolution as the populations on each continent diverged from one another.
The first of those sites to be studied contains the gene known as EDAR. Africans and Europeans carry the standard version of the gene, but in most East Asians, one of the DNA units has mutated.
Seeking to understand if the gene was the cause of thicker hair in East Asians with the variant gene, a team of researchers led by Yana G. Kamberov and Pardis C. Sabeti at the Broad Institute in Cambridge, Mass., decided to test the gene in mice, where its effects could be more easily explored.
Mice already have EDAR, an ancient mammalian gene that plays a leading role in the embryo in shaping hair, skin and teeth. The Broad team engineered a strain of mice whose EDAR gene had the same DNA change as the East Asian version of EDAR.
When the mice grew up, the researchers found they did indeed have thicker hair shafts, confirming that the changed gene was the cause of East Asians’ thicker hair. But the gene had several other effects, they report in Thursday’s issue of the journal Cell.
One was that the mice, to the researchers’ surprise, had extra sweat glands. A Chinese member of the team, Sijia Wang, then tested people in China and discovered that they, too, had more numerous sweat glands, evidently another effect of the gene.
Another surprise was that the engineered mice had less breast tissue, meaning that EDAR could be the reason that East Asian women have generally smaller breasts.
East Asians have distinctively shaped teeth for which their version of EDAR is probably responsible. But the mice were less helpful on this point; their teeth are so different from humans’ that the researchers could not see any specific change.
The finding that the gene has so many effects raises the question of which one was the dominant trigger for natural selection.
Dr. Sabeti said the extra sweat glands could have been the feature favored by natural selection, with all the other effects being dragged along in its train.
“We’re the only mammals to have changed their entire hair pattern. So the changes in teeth, hair and breasts — it’s very possible they are the passengers and thermoregulation is the key,” she said, referring to the role of sweat glands in cooling the body.
East Asians are sometimes assumed to have evolved in a cold environment because of their narrow nostrils, which conserve heat, and the extra eyelid fat that insulates the eye. But the Broad team calculates that the EDAR variant arose about 35,000 years ago in central China and that the region was then quite warm and humid. Extra sweat glands would have been advantageous to the hunter-gatherers who lived at that time.
But Joshua Akey, a geneticist at the University of Washington in Seattle, said he thought the more likely cause of the gene’s spread among East Asians was sexual selection. Thick hair and small breasts are visible sexual signals which, if preferred by men, could quickly become more common as the carriers had more children. The genes underlying conspicuous traits, like blue eyes and blond hair in Europeans, have very strong signals of selection, Dr. Akey said, and the sexually visible effects of EDAR are likely to have been stronger drivers of natural selection than sweat glands.
Yet a third view is held by Dr. Kamberov, who believes that each of the effects of the EDAR variant may have been favored by natural selection at a different time. A series of selections on different traits thus made the variant version so common among East Asians. About 93 percent of Han Chinese carry the variant, as do about 70 percent of people in Japan and Thailand, and 60 to 90 percent of American Indians, a population descended from East Asians.
The Broad team is studying EDAR as part of a larger plan to identify all the genetic variants responsible for recent human evolution. Many researchers, including Dr. Sabeti, have devised ways of scanning the human genome to detect the fingerprints of natural selection. But these scans have typically identified large chunks of the genome that contain many genes. There is often no way to tell which gene was the target of natural selection.
A team led by Dr. Sabeti and Sharon R. Grossman of the Broad Institute has now refined the usual scanning methods and identified 412 sites on the genome that have been under selection. Each site is small enough that it contains at most a single gene.
Each race has a different set of selected regions, reflecting the fact that the human population had dispersed from its African homeland and faced different challenges that led to genetic adaptation on each continent. About 140 of the sites affected by natural selection are in Europeans, 140 in East Asians and 132 in Africans, the authors report in another article published Thursday in Cell.
Inserting some of the other selected genes into mice might help explain why they were favored, and point to critical turning points in recent human evolution, Dr. Sabeti said.
In the case of EDAR, putting the gene into mice has only magnified the mystery of why it was selected. But the researchers are not discouraged. “A reflection of good science is that a step forward opens up a lot more questions,” Dr. Akey said.
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^You stupid ass, many East Asians are Whiter than Europeans. Those lying Central Asian Albinos (Europeans) are saying that they are White for a different reason - can't you read?
i.e. A non-synonymous substitution [rs1426654] in the third exon of SLC24A5 accounts for lighter skin in Europeans but not in East Asians.
yes Idiot there is a different gene involved common to Europeans and some South Indians SLC24A5. Whereas in East Asians the gene EDAR is what causes light skin and has different characteristics (which was identified several yearsd
So your talk about specialness or wanting has nothing to do with it, It's just you projecting in bullshit
Well in that case would you please explain the difference between these different Albino people. Except for some facial features, and sometimes hair, they all look alike to me.
Point being, if they're White for different reasons, why do they look exactly alike as far as skin is concerned?
posted
Look man. I am not saying European people don't have some serious mental problems and haven't done some insanely evil things.
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Look man. I am not saying European people don't have some serious mental problems and haven't done some insanely evil things.
As MK had made clear many times, the lack of Melanin in Brain tissue has a debilitating effect.
Note the unperturbed look on this Blonde child's face, after looking upon the spectacle of a large dead Black man hanging from a tree.
Clearly their minds function differently than the minds of other races.
As an example:
The Indians have a Caste system where the untouchables are the lowest of the low. Have you ever heard of Indians being afraid of untouchables, or routinely trying to cause them harm?
Of course not, so clearly their racism has nothing to do with superiority or anything of the like.
Note the current Donald Sterling uproar: In what way could Donald Sterling possibly be superior to any of his players? He is a sick, decrepit, piece of sh1t old man, who has to pay a Mulatto girl for her pussy. Just like Albino men of the past had to Rape Black and Mulatto females to get some decent pussy.
The point being, that superiority has nothing to do with it.
As I have said many times:
Albino racism is about the opposite of superiority, it is about the realization that they cannot COMPETE with Blacks. Thus they used stealth and guile to ingrain themselves with Blacks, and then annihilated them wherever possible.
Which brings up another abnormality of the European Albino mind: aside for it's great capacity for violence, it also has a noticeable tendency toward lying.
Note that instead of simply leaving history as it was when they gained control of the world: they decided to create a new history for the world, starting from the very beginning, with them, the diseased people at the center.
As we now know, that is physically impossible, they can not inhabit most parts of the Earth in an unclothed state, (which is how we all began), because of their sensitivity to the Sun. Also as we have seen, their lies are often nonsensical to normal people - it appears that Africans are the only people to really believe them - btw, are you African?
I will add a few more thoughts next post.
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Point being, if they're White for different reasons, why do they look exactly alike as far as skin is concerned?
Chinese Albino
Indian Albino
Japanese Albino
Korean Albino?
European Albino
African Albino
The difference between these people is that apart from skin that many of them have very different genetics from each other and very different genetics from each other ancestrally.
this albino child here,
apart from one particular gene associated with skin,
he will have a genetic profile closely in common with the other boys in the photo
He will have less in common overall genetically with this child:
But because to you skin color is the most important thing about a person this is beyond your level of understanding
Another concept that is above your head is that things that look similar may not be similar in character. One white granule is sugar the other is salt but you don't get it
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posted
Agreed. Science has shown the lack of melanin do have a profound effect on the pyschosis/mental stability of humans. It makes them exhibit eveil traits. It also affects the immune system.
Agreed. Melanin made us human. It enhances the cognitive ability.
But... ....I have said many times before Africasn do not have ownership of Black Skin, Kinky hair and full lips, prognatism etc. And Euroepans do not have ownership of light skin, blonde hair and blue eyes.
However all the genes for these phenotype have an African origin albeit found outside Africa with higher frequency in certain populations outside Africa..
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: the lack of Melanin in Brain tissue has a debilitating effect.
This is junk science ^ All humans have similar amounts of neuromelanin (brain melanin) and it's concentration is completely independant of level of melanin levels associated with skin pigmentaion.
posted
^One of the most perplexing things to me, is the types of Black people (visa-vie) the Albino people, and how to tell the difference between them.
I mean, as evidenced by the people on this forum, there are Black people who instinctively knew that the Albinos were teaching false history, so they just waited for the truth to come out, or in some cases, went looking for the truth.
But on the other hand, there are Black people who believed every single thing, and will fight against Black people, alongside the Albino people, to protect their version. See - Clarence Thomas.
One of the things that the Albinos did early on, was to re-write the religious books to reflect their frighten racist point of view.
And I am always amazed at How some Blacks responded to it. Islam is the last of the Abrahamic religions, and when the Turks and the other Central Asian Albinos (such as the Soghdians and the Bactrians) got a hold of it, they quickly re-wrote it to reflect their view - which is to be expected. Thus the Islamic holy books have many passages denigrating Blacks - Yet many Blacks - Africans mostly, are devout Muslims - that makes no sense.
When the European Albinos got control of Christianity, they also wasted no time in re-writing it to their point of view. Most famous is their Hamitic nonsense, which claims that Blacks are Black as a punishment from God - remembering that it is the Albinos who have a disease.
But if anyone ever needed a true example of what the Albinos were up to, they should think about the song of Solomon.
Song of Solomon 1:5-6
King James Version (KJV)
5) I am black, but comely, O ye daughters of Jerusalem, as the tents of Kedar, as the curtains of Solomon.
6) Look not upon me, because I am black, because the sun hath looked upon me: my mother's children were angry with me; they made me the keeper of the vineyards; but mine own vineyard have I not kept.
Here they made the Black Hebrews into Whites, and made Blackness something akin to obesity, that has to be overlooked, in order to see beauty.
And like the African with Islam, many Blacks eat-it-up!
So I am wondering, are Black Christians just Africans, and the descendants of African Slaves? Or is it that they feel powerless to do anything about it?
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The Indians have a Caste system where the untouchables are the lowest of the low. Have you ever heard of Indians being afraid of untouchables, or routinely trying to cause them harm?
Of course not, so clearly their racism has nothing to do with superiority or anything of the like.
This is perhaps the stupidest thing you ever wrote
Explain to us how racism can have nothing to do with superiority
_____________________________
No violence agaist Dalits? Mike, retatrd, you think the American media cares to report, or Americans care about hearing such stories? Look this up idiot:
Ranvir Sena
1996 Bathani Tola Massacre, Bihar
1969 Kilvenmani massacre, Tamilnadu
1997 Laxmanpur Bathe Carnage, Bihar
1997 Melavalavu Massacre, Tamil Nadu
2003 Muthanga Incident Kerala
1999 Bant Singh case, Punjab
2006 Kherlanji massacre Maharashtra
2012 Dharmapuri violence
2013 Marakkanam violence, Tamil Nadu
___________________________________________
Mike is a total bullshit artist
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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posted
Quote(agreed) Which brings up another abnormality of the European Albino mind: aside for it's great capacity for violence, it also has a noticeable tendency toward lying.
As we now know, that is physically impossible, they can not inhabit most parts of the Earth in an unclothed state, (which is how we all began), because of their sensitivity to the Sun
And, yes, Africa was, my ancestral home about 400ya via the Slave Trade. I am told. Think of me as Mark Holder or Colin Powell. My 23andMe DNA Profile has me E1b1a and L2a1a, Majority African with a touch of European and Neanderthal(lol).
Point.? I am not a mental slave, my politics is similar to the General. And I do have some admiration for Clarence Thomas.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^One of the most perplexing things to me, is the types of Black people (visa-vie) the Albino people, and how to tell the difference between them.
I mean, as evidenced by the people on this forum, there are Black people who instinctively knew that the Albinos were teaching false history, so they just waited for the truth to come out, or in some cases, went looking for the truth.
There are some lies and distortions in some historical records
However it is nothing compared to the outright made up wannabe European, hate Africans, fictional bullshit you put out.
With your website you perpetuate a state of ongoing confusion and have hurt black people, your crap is all over the web
And you do it anonymously because you are a cowardly little worm who can stand behind the shyt you excrete
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posted
Looking at tapes of Clearence Thomas Anita Hill, convinced me he is a brilliant black mind. He may be stifled
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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posted
Lioness Quote: This is perhaps the stupidest thing you ever wrote. Explain to us how racism can have nothing to do with superiority.
I say that because I can think of no way that a diseased Albino could be superior to the normal human. Since I can see no evidence of that in "Real-life" my statement and logic seems sound - some Africans excepted of course.
If you know any ways in which Albinos are superior to Blacks, please enumerate them so that we may all know.
posted
^Please don't keep me waiting lioness, I breathlessly await you telling us how the Albinos are superior to Blacks.Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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I say that because I can think of no way that a diseased Albino could be superior to the normal human. Since I can see no evidence of that in "Real-life" my statement and logic seems sound - some Africans excepted of course.
If you know any ways in which Albinos are superior to Blacks, please enumerate them so that we may all know.
I don't consider the albino child here different enough from his peers to make such a distinction
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by xyyman: Looking at tapes of Clearence Thomas Anita Hill, convinced me he is a brilliant black mind. He may be stifled
Thomas is an Uncle Tom. How can he be considered brilliant when he has no empathy for his fellow man--except for the rich. He feels because he has "made it" everything is alright for Afro-American people in the U.S. But the way they treat Pres. Obama, and Sterlings comments about Magic Johson (who they claim is worth $500 million, show that no matter what class you belong too they still see you negatively.
.
Thomas' God
. I graduated too late to take advantage of Affirmative Action but all of Thomas' success (going to high school, university, first job and etc.) is a result of this, yet he has the nerve to vote in the Supreme Court along with the other Conservatives, to take away the rights of Afro-Americans. He is a person that makes me feel--is the wrong example of Afro American manhood.
Granted many people will say that hs is following a Conservative agenda. False, you would never find a Japanese voting against Japanese being paid for the lands and property taken away from them during WWII; or a Jew saying the Nazis did not kill millions of Jews.
What I am saying is that just about every ethnic group has some respect for their history and heritage. Thomas has none.
On the Supreme Court you can vote on an issue anyway you want. He is for sure a self-serving, docile man, keeping himself in check--fighting black people--because he has an inferiority complex which causes him to lack the ability to think for himself. He does what he thinks Massa would like. Shame on this Uncle Thomas.
Is Obama an uncle Tom? That is the problem with some fanatical blacks. They don't see the big picture.
If Obama was Al Sharpton he would not be elected. I am sure Obama is proud of his blakcness....why? Look at his wife and kids. Read about his background. In certain positions we have to leave attitudes behind for the greater good. My brother and I repeatedly get into that argument. Is Obama or Thomas doing enough for black community?
Point? The Sharptons and the Jesse's have their role.
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: ^I am getting the feeling that xyyman is Black like Lioness is Black.
Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: This is perhaps the stupidest thing you ever wrote
Explain to us how racism can have nothing to do with superiority.
Here you are CLEARLY saying that RACISM IS about superiority.
That is that the Albinos ARE superior to Blacks, even if it's in their own minds only.
So I am asking you to explain how that is so, with examples.
Racism is the belief that one's so called "race" is superior and/or a dislike of other "races"
So if we agree on this why are you giving me an example to deal with?
That's like confusing
1) does belief in ghosts exist?
with
2) do ghosts exist?
we are dealing with question 1 not 2, the answer here is yes Racism has to do with perceived sense superiority that is what superiority has to do with it.
quote:Originally posted by Mike111: so clearly their (Indians caste syetm) racism has nothing to do with superiority or anything of the like.
^^^ that's why this statement is ridiculous, the word racism itself means having a sense of superiority
Also superiority can mean a lot of things what type of superiority Innate superiorty is only theoretical If one is in a superior position that type of superiority has more real world results In other words you don't win wars by theories of superiorty You take superiority of positon miltarily with weapons, armies and alliances.
Posts: 42918 | From: , | Registered: Jan 2010
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: This is perhaps the stupidest thing you ever wrote
Explain to us how racism can have nothing to do with superiority.
Here you are CLEARLY saying that RACISM IS about superiority.
That is that the Albinos ARE superior to Blacks, even if it's in their own minds only.
So I am asking you to explain how that is so, with examples.
Apologize for suggesting that there is a basis for the Albino peoples delusion of superiority, and we're done.
Posts: 22721 | Registered: Oct 2005
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quote:Originally posted by the lioness,: This is perhaps the stupidest thing you ever wrote
Explain to us how racism can have nothing to do with superiority.
Here you are CLEARLY saying that RACISM IS about superiority.
That is that the Albinos ARE superior to Blacks, even if it's in their own minds only.
So I am asking you to explain how that is so, with examples.
Apologize for suggesting that there is a basis for the Albino peoples delusion of superiority, and we're done.
I haven't heard of people like this claiming superiority due to albinism nor have I made any statements that if they had there is a justified basis for it
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posted
If you get locked up in jail the guards are in a superior position They are superior in that sense, without a doubt Talk and claims don't mean anything
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What some readers may be missing is the salient point. The black skin dominated Europe for about 35,000yeras!! And if you through Neanderthal in the mix that takes it up to 350,000years!!!!! That is really astonisihing.
-------------------- Without data you are just another person with an opinion - Deming Posts: 12143 | From: When you have eliminated the impossible, whatever remains, however improbable | Registered: Jun 2007
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I haven't heard of people like this claiming superiority due to albinism nor have I made any statements that if they had there is a justified basis for it
The man above is a Negroid Albino, they are okay.
The problem comes about with these Dravidian Albinos.
Let me relate the mindless viciousness of their violence.
Lynching William Brown in Douglas County, Nebraska.
From May through September 1919, over 25 race riots rocked cities from Texas to Illinois, Nebraska to Georgia. In Omaha, the trouble began on September 25, when a white woman, Agnes Loebeck, reported that she was assaulted by a black man.
The next morning, the Bee reached new lows reporting the event. The headline was: "Black Beast First Stick-up Couple."
"The most daring attack on a white woman ever perpetrated in Omaha occurred one block south of Bancroft street near Scenic Avenue in Gibson last night."
Coverage in the World-Herald was slightly less inflammatory:
"Pretty little Agnes Loebeck ... was assaulted ... by an unidentified negro at twelve O'clock last night, while she was returning to her home in company with Millard [sic] Hoffman, a cripple."
That evening, the police took a suspect to the Loebeck home. Agnes and her boyfriend Milton Hoffman (they were later married) identified a black packinghouse worker named Will Brown as the assailant. Brown was 41 years old and suffered from acute rheumatism.
Before the police could leave the Loebeck house, a mob gathered outside and threatened to seize Brown. After an hour's confrontation, police reinforcements arrived and Brown was transferred to the Douglas County Courthouse. Several police officers were ordered to report at once to police headquarters in case of further trouble, and 46 policemen and a detective were kept on duty well into the night.
After the confrontation outside the Loebeck home, rumors began to fly that a mob would try to seize Brown again. On Sunday, September 28, a group of youths gathered in south Omaha and began a march to the Douglas County courthouse. Eventually, thousands of angry people gathered at the courthouse and by evening, the Omaha police and city officials inside the courthouse were virtual prisoners. The size of the crowd was estimated as between 5,000 and 15,000 people. By 8:00 p.m. the mob had begun firing on the courthouse with guns they looted from nearby stores. In that exchange of gunfire, one 16-year-old leader of the mob, and a 34-year-old businessman a block away were killed. By 8:30 the mob had set fire to the building and prevented fire fighters from extinguishing the flames. Inside, Will Brown moaned to Sheriff Mike Clark, "I am innocent, I never did it, my God I am innocent."
Mayor Smith had been at the scene for several hours. He came out of the courthouse and tried to reason with the mob. He asked them to forget the prisoner and allow the firemen to put out the flames. At that point, the mayor was knocked down by a blow to his head, and the next thing he knew, he was on Harney Street. One end of a rope was being flung over a lamp post. The other end tightened around his neck. That was the last thing he remembered until he woke up in a hospital where he remained for several days in serious condition with severe head injuries.
Mayor Smith had been rescued, but there are several versions of how the rescue happened. Some reports say police detectives were responsible for saving Smith's life. Others give the credit to a young man named Russell Norgaard. Whatever the true story, the mob lost interest in Smith and concentrated on getting Brown out of the courthouse.
Brown ended up in the hands of the crazed mob. He was beaten into unconsciousness. His clothes were torn off by the time he reached the building's doors. Then he was dragged to a nearby lamp pole on the south side of the courthouse at 18th and Harney around 11:00 p.m. The mob roared when they saw Brown, and a rope was placed around his neck. Brown was hoisted in the air, his body spinning. He was riddled with bullets. His body was then brought down, tied behind a car, and towed to the intersection of 17th and Dodge. There the body was burned with fuel taken from nearby red danger lamps and fire truck lanterns. Later, pieces of the rope used to lynch Brown were sold for 10 cents each. Finally, Brown's charred body was dragged through the city's downtown streets.
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